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Arnold 

Gymnastic   Tactics 
1-2 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 
THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 
LOS  ANGELES 


GYMNASTIC  TACTICS 


Part  I 


TACTICS  OF  THE  INDIVIDUAL 


BY 

E.  H.  ARNOLD 

Director  New  Haven  Normal  School  of  Gymnastics 


NEW  HAVEN  CONN. 
1922 


1  0  5  ;r 


\    IS? 

v.  \-& 


PREFACE  TO  SECOND  EDITION 

D 

ASIDE   from  the  correction  of  a  few  typographical 
errors  this  new  edition  shows  no  changes  of  any 
*  consequence.     The  only  exception   to  this  is  the  mode 
3  of  starting  marking  time,  marching  forward  and  back- 
H  ward  from  a  stand.     While  the  text  still  allows  a  pref- 
^erence,  this  preference  has  in  our  practice  been  made 
^the  rule.     Under  this  rule  the  mode  of  starting  and  fac- 
•ing  is  changed  in  the  following  exercises : 

C  I,  1,  2,  3. 
C  II,  a,  1,  2,  3. 
C  II,  d,  10,  11,  12. 

E.  H.  A. 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  August,  1903. 


PREFACE  TO  THIRD  EDITION 

D 

THIS  third  edition  shows  a  revision  of  the  terminol- 
ogy along  the  lines  laid  down  in  my  Gymnastic 
Nomenclature.  Thus,  follow  step  is  no  longer  called 
"follow  step  sideward  right  or  left,"  since  in  tactics  the 
only  follow  step  is  a  sideward  one.  It  makes  distinction 
in  command  between  the  two  forms  of  sideward  marching. 

The  term  "mark  time"  has  given  place  altogether  to 
"in  place,  march."  As  in  place  march  is  as  much  for- 
ward as  it  is  sideward  or  backward,  which  will  appear 
plainly  in  the  practice  of  tactics  of  the  rank,  it  has  been 
assigned  a  different  place. 

In  the  combination  of  facing  and  marching,  the  term 
face  precedes  the  direction  in  order  to  avoid  its  being 
mistaken  for  an  executive  command,  this  arrangement 
making  discrimination  easier. 

Finally,  a  chapter  on  curvilinear  marching  as  exem- 
plified by  circling  has  been  added. 

E.  H.  A. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  January,  1912. 


Tl  1 1C  fourth  edition  goes  forth  \vith  no  changes  except 
the  addition   to  the   facing  of   a   three-eighths   turn 
or  facing  of   135°. 

/:'.  H.  A. 
Xe\v  Haven,  January,  1916. 


PREFACE  TO  FIFTH   EDITION 

D 

This  little  book  looks  now  to  a  quarter  century  of  use- 
fulness. I  was  tempted  to  re-write  the  introduction,  but 
prefer  as  a  matter  of  historical  record  to  let  the  previous 
one  stand.  I  should,  however,  wish  to  emphasize  here 
the  two  relations  which  the  Tactics  of  the  Individual 
purpose  to  regulate.  These  relations  are  in  the  first 
place,  that  of  distance  which  marching  regulates,  in  the 
second  place  surface  relation  which  it  is  the  mission  of 
facing  to  deal  with. 

As  I  go  along  with  my  years  of  teaching  physical  edu- 
cation in  general  and  tactics  in  special  I  am  more  and 
more  impressed  with  the  extreme  and  fundamental  im- 
portance of  marching  as  an  educational  exercise.  As 
I  stated  above  that  in  dealing  with  distance  relations  it 
becomes  clear  that  space  values  and  the  comparison  of 
them  is  the  subject  of  marching,  in  other  words  "meas- 
uring.'' There  opens  a  wide  vista  of  measures,  linear, 
square,  body  (cubic)  measures.  The  synonym  of  com- 
parative body  measures  is  weight.  Finally,  but  not  least, 
the  comparing  of  different  movements  through  the  same 
space  is  "speed,"  "time."  The  influence  of  march  meas- 
uring permeates  our  whole  life.  Here  is  a  source  of 
exact  knowledge  of  things  around  us  without  attending  a 
college,  a  good  part  of  the  common  sense  to  be  found 
in  people  without  book  learning. 

Chapter  H,  giving  the  tactic  exercises  of  marching 
and  facing  while  changing  from  a  march  to  a  run  and 
vice  ver-a  is  added  in  outline. 

E.  H.  A. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  December,  1921. 


PREFACE 

D 

GYMNASTIC  Tactics  serve  the  purpose  of  creat- 
ing, changing,  re-establishing,  dissolving,  and  re- 
creating a  certain  order  or  relation  of  the  gymnast. 

The  first  order  or  relation  to  he  established  is  that 
between  the  gymnast  and  his  surroundings :  the  next 
is  the  relation  between  two  or  more  gymnasts  consid- 
ered together.  It  is  the  purpose  of  this  booklet  to  deal 
with  those  tactic  exercises  only  which  regulate  the 
relation  of  the  individual  to  his  surroundings. 

This  relation  is.  in  the  main,  determined  by  the  rela- 
tion which  the  surfaces  of  the  gymnast's  body  (viz., 
front,  right  and  left  sides,  back)  hold  to  the  surround- 
ing objects,  which  relation  is  geometrical,  i.  e.,  parallel. 
at  right  angles,  or  any  intermediate  degree.  Once  es- 
tablished, the  relation  between  the  gymnast  and  the 
object  in  question  may  be  changed  without  changing 
the  geometric  relation  between  the  surfaces  of  his  body 
and  the  object,  by  moving  towards  or  away  from  the 
object  in  the  direction  indicated  by  the  different  sur- 
faces of  the  body.  This  gives  rise  to  marching  for- 
ward, sideward  right  and  left,  and  backward.  Again 
the  relation  between  gymnast  and  object  may  be 
changed  without  increasing  or  decreasing  the  distance 
between  them,  by  turning  the  body  around  its  long  axis 
and  thus  changing  the  geometric  relation  between  the 
surfaces  of  the  body  and  its  surroundings.  Lastly  we 
have  the  combination  of  these  two  methods  of  change. 


A  word  is,  I  think,  necessary  to  state  the  reason--  for 
the  working  out  in  detail  of  these  relations.  It  would 
seem  as  if  the  all  possibility  method  of  teaching  had 
found  an  adherent  in  me. 

The  objection  may  he  raised  that  one  can  get  along 
with  very  few  tactic  exercises.  That  would  indeed  he 
true,  if.  as  is  the  case  with  military  tactics,  the  only 
object  were  to  get  the  class  with  the  greatest  despatch 
into  position  for  doing  certain  kinds  of  work.  The 
work  being  the  same  within  certain  limits,  the  tactics 
could  always  be  the  same.  Yet  even  the  greater  variety 
of  work  in  the  gymnasium  as  compared  with  military 
work  would  call  for  an  increased  number  of  tactic  exer- 
cises. If  dispatch  were  the  only  desideratum  the  anti- 
quated and  un pedagogical  and  especially  ungyn>nastic 
way  of  taking  footmarks  would  he  sufficient.  P>ut  tactic- 
serve  other  purposes  than  the  moving  of  a  class  with 
dispatch  into  certain  positions.  That  is,  indeed,  an  end 
sought,  but  one  which  is  best  accomplished  by  way  of 
mental  training. 

1  cannot  here,  while  treating  exclusively  of  tactic.- 
of  the  individual,  speak  of  the  purpose  of  handling  a 
class,  nor  of  the  furthering  o1  the  sense  of  concerted 
action.  By  tactics  of  the  individual  I  wish,  in  the  hr-t 
place,  to  engage  the  attention  of  the  pupil,  and  thi-  can 
not  be  accomplished  if  the  moves  that  are  to  follow  are 
known  beforehand,  as  is  the  case  if  classes  are  always 
lined  up  and  arranged  in  the  same  way.  if  opening  and 
closing  ranks  never  varies  from  one  method,  it"  turns  are 
always  in  the  same  direction.  Secondly.  1  \vi-h  to  -horten 
reaction  time.  This  again  is  only  possible  if  the  move- 
are  unexpected  and  ever  changing. 


Moreover  by  tactics  I  wish  to  improve  the  faculty  of 
discrimination.  This  is  impossible  unless  movements 
of  different  kinds  and  decrees  are  given  that  there  may 
be  an  opportunity  for  discrimination.  It  has  been  proven 
by  experiment  that  even  the  gymnastic  training  of  the 
above  mentioned  faculties  leaves  the  gymnast  inferior 
as  a  thinker  to  the  bookworm  because  he  has  not  learned 
to  work  out  with  quickness  and  precision  a  complicated 
thought,  a  chain  of  thought  as  it  were.  To  attain  this 
is  my  object  in  giving  combination  tactic  movements. 
That  a  great  deal  of  material  is  needed  if  tactics  are  to 
be  taught  according  to  this  plan,  those  gymnastic  teachers 
know  best  who  have  the  direction  of  the  same  pupils 
through  grade  after  grade,  from  early  childhood  to  adult 
life. 

As  for  the  wording  of  the  command,  it  is  easily  seen 
that  if  the  whole  of  tactics  consists  of  a  dozen  moves 
they  may  be  called  anything.  The  movement  picture  may 
then  be  represented  by  an  arbitrary  word  picture,  the 
two  being  associated  in  memory  by  means  of  constant 
repetition.  One  might  substitute  the  numerals  for  words 
and  get  good  results,  if  sufficient  drill  were  had. 

It  is  altogether  different  when  a  great  number  of  tactic 
movements  are  practiced.  Then  care  must  be  taken  to 
make  a  command  a  real  word  picture,  representing  as 
nearly  as  language  can  the  move  desired.  It  must,  there- 
fore, give  the  kind  of  movement,  its  direction,  degree — 
if  existing  in  different  degrees — and  its  mode  of  execu- 
tion. To  illustrate — we  may  not  say  about  face,  for  that 
leaves  the  direction  to  be  taken  in  doubt.  It  should  be 
right  or  left  about — face.  We  should  not  command  simply 
— wheel  left,  for  such  a  movement  may  be  executed  in 
different  ways  and  in  different  degrees.  To  make  the 


10 


command  definite,  it  should  be  J4  wheel  left — march. 
We  do  not  use — double  quick  time — march,  for  the  time 
is  not  usually  doubled,  nor  is  the  move  a  march,  but  a  run. 
1  have  attempted  to  establish  a  nomenclature  which  is 
descriptive  and  at  the  same  time  has  the  quality  of  brevity. 
On  the  physical  value  of  tactics,  their  place  in  a  gym- 
nastic lesson,  and  the  time  to  be  devoted  to  them,  I  can 
not  enter  here,  but  expect  to  state  my  views  on  some 
other  occasion.  As  to  the  use  of  the  material  it  is  easily 
seen  that  not  all  of  the  tactics  of  the  individual  should 
nor,  indeed,  can  be  taught  before  beginning-  tactics  of  the 
rank  and  body  of  ranks.  It  is  equally  easy  to  under- 
stand that  simple  movements  precede  the  complicated : 
the  ones  standing  (generally  speaking),  those  marking 
time  and  those  marching  from  place;  marching,  running. 
etc.  The  changes  and  combinations  follow  in  general 
the  rule  given  by  me  for  free  gymnastics,  i.  e.,  single 
tactic  movements,  forward,  sideward,  backward,  combina- 
tions in  the  same  direction  first,  then  in  opposite,  then 
in  different  directions. 


To  Miss  FRANCES  X.  BOYNTON,  Instructor  of  Gym- 
nastics at  Ogontz  School,  Pa.,  1  am  greatly  obliged  for 
preparing  for  press  this  little  pamphlet. 

E.  H.  A. 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  July,  1897. 


TACTICS 


SYNOPSIS. 

A.  Marching. 

a.  From   place. 

b.  In  place. 
Directions  and  Modes  from  Place: 

1.  Forward. 

2.  Sideward. 

3.  Sideward  with  follow  step. 

4.  Backward. 

I.     Marching  and   Halting. 

II.  Changes  from  Marching  in  Place  to  March- 
ing in  the  Different  Directions  and  Modes 
from  Place. 

III.  Changes  from  Marching  in  the  Different 
Directions  and  Modes  from  Place  to 
Marching  in  Place. 

IV.  Changes  from  One  Mode  and  Direction  of 
Marching  from  Place  to  Another. 

B.  Facing. 

Directions:  Right  Degrees:   ]/%'  turn  or     45°. 

Left.  l/4  turn  or     90°. 

ys  turn  or   135°. 
Y-2  turn  or   180°. 
I.     While  Standing  in  Place. 
II.     While  Marching  in  Place. 
111.     While     Marching     in     Different     Directions 
and   Modes   from   Place. 


12 


C.  Facing  and  Marching  from  a  Stand. 

I.     Facing  and  Marching  in  Place. 
II.     Facing   and    Marching   in    Different    Modes 
.and  Directions  from  Place. 

D.  Facing  and  Halting  from  a  March. 

1.     From  Marching  in    Place. 
II.      From    Marching    in    Different    Modes    and 
Directions  from  Place. 

E.  Facing   and    Changing   the    Mode   and    Direction    of 

the  March. 

F.  Curvilinear  Marching. 

G.  The  exercises  contained  in  chapters  A — F  executed 

while  running. 

H.  •  The  Exercises  of  Chapter  A,  II,  111  and  IV  Done 
While  Changing  from  a  March  to  a  Run  or 
Vice  Versa. 


A.     MARCHING: 
I.     Marching  and  Halting. 

a.      From    Place. 
Marching  forward. 

Command  :     Forward — March  ! 

Execution  :     a.   Time. 
b.  Step. 

Time:  Self-established,  differing  in  different 
classes. 

Step:  Starting  with  certain  foot  and  time  gives 
step.  Start  with  left  (preferably)  or  right 
foot. 

Means  of  helping  step  and  time  is  sense  of  hear- 
ing, since  the  eye  should  not  be  used  for 
this  purpose.  Pupils  stamp  foot  L.  |l\.|: 
slap  hands  as  1 ..  |R.|  comes  down,  or 


every  other  time  L.  |R.j  foot  comes  down. 
Always  stamping  the  same  foot  may  make 
habitual  a  heavier  step  with  that  foot. 
Time  is  aided  by  the  teacher's  calling, 
stamping,  slapping.  When  step  is  well  es- 
tablished, no  differences  in  accent  should  be 
encouraged  or  even  tolerated. 

2.  Halting  from  marching  forward. 

More  time  is  needed  than  in  halting  from  march- 
ing in  place  because  the  acquired  momentum 
must  be  overcome,  and  the  reflex  pendulum 
movement  of  marching  must  be  stopped  by  an 
act  of  volition.  Hence  we  give  two  counts 
notice. 

Command:  Halt!  given  as  either  foot  reaches 
the  ground,  preferably  the  right. 

Execution :  The  other  foot  advances  one  more 
step  and  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was 
given  closes  the  movement  by  coming  to  posi- 
tion beside  the  other. 

3.  Marching:     Sideward  R.   [L.  | 

Command:     Sideward  R.   [L.] — March! 

Execution :  As  true  marching  is  desired  under 
this  command,  after  the  left  foot  has  been  placed 
sideward  so  far  that  a  complete  transfer  of 
weight  has  occurred,  the  other  foot  must  be 
moved  in  the  same  direction  beyond  the  rirst 
foot  so  far  that  another  transfer  of  weight  may 
take  place.  This  necessitates  a  crossing  of  the 
moving  leg  either  in  front  of  or  behind  the  then 
stationary  leg,  preferably  in  front. 

4.  Halting  from  marching  sideward. 

Command:  Halt!  given  (preferably)  as  the  foot 
on  opposite  of  body  to  the  direction  of  the 
march  (i.  e..  the  right  foot  when  the  march  is 
left)  touches  the  ground. 


14 


Execution  :  The  other  foot  takes  one  more  step 
and  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given 
ends  the  movement  by  closing  to  position. 

5.  Marching  backward. 

Command  :     Backward- — march  ! 

Execution  :  Start  is  made  with  I..  (  preferably  ) 
or  R.  foot.  Time  and  step  follow  rule  laid 
down  under  forward  marching. 

6.  Halting   from  marching  backward. 

Command :  Halt!  given  as  one  foot  (preferably 
right)  reaches  ground. 

Execution  :  The  other  foot  takes  one  more  step 
backward  and  the  foot  on  which  the  command 
was  given  ends  the  movement  by  closing  to 
position. 

7.  Marching  sideward  with  follow  step. 

The  sideward  marching  above  described  (see  3j 
does  not  present  altogether  the  features  of 
forward  and  backward  marching,  yet  is  the 
nearest  possible  approach  to  them.  It  is  not 
commonly  in  use,  however.  The  sideward 
marching  usually  seen  is  not  a  true  marching, 
but  corresponds  to  the  follow  step.  Where 
true  marching  sideward  (see  3)  is  not  prac- 
ticed there  is  no  reason  for  distinguishing  the 
move  now  described  by  an  exact  command  as 
below,  but  the  command  sideward  I..  |  R.  )  — 
march  may  be  used. 

Command:      Follmv   step    1 ..    |R.| — march! 

Execution  :  The  leg  on  the  side  to  which  the 
mo\c  i.-  ordered  steps  sideward  and  the  other 
foot  is  closed  to  position. 

8.  Halting    from    marching   sideward    with    follow    step. 

Only  one  count's  notice  is  required,  as  the  feet 
necessarily  come  to  ]x>sition  in  the  course  of 


15 

the    movement,    and    the    momentum   .acquired, 
being  naturally  small,  is  easily  overcome. 

Command:  Halt!  given  as  foot  on  side  to  which 
march  is  taken  reaches  the  ground. 

Execution  :     The  other  foot  closes  to  position. 
1».     in   Place. 

1.  Marching  in  place. 

Command  :     In  place — march  ! 
Execution :     a.  Time. 
/>.   Step. 

a.  Time:     Shorter  than   in   marching   forward,  a> 
the  distance  covered  is  only  about  one-half  that 
of   the   step  in   marching   forward.      The  move- 
ment   is    volitional,    not    reflex,    and    therefore, 
more  difficult  of  execution  than   marching   for- 
ward.    The   rhythm  is  more  easily  adjusted   to 
the  average  because  the  movement  is  volitional, 
but  it  is  harder  to  keep,  usually  becoming  faster 
and  taster. 

b.  Step:     Start    with    either    foot    preferably   left. 
With  extended  knee  raise  L.    [R.  |    leg,  advanc- 
ing foot  about  one  foot  length  ;  lower  to  stand 
and  immediately  raise  R.   [L.]   in  same  manner. 

Means  of  helping  time  and  step — pupils  slapping 
hands  ( stamping  interrupts  rhythm)  ;  teacher 
counting,  calling,  stamping,  slapping  hands. 

2.  Halting  from  marching  in  place. 

There  is  no  momentum  to  overcome,  and  no  in- 
hibition is  needed.  The  volition  is  simply  not 
renewed. 

Command:  Halt!  given  when  raised  foot  returns 
and  touches  ground.  May  be  either  R.  or  L. 
foot,  preferably  L. 

Execution :  The  other  foot  is  advanced  once  for- 
ward and  replaced,  and  the  movement  stopped. 
Time  for  thought  is  thus  allowed. 


II.     Changes   from    Marching   in    Place   to    Marching 
in  Different  Directions  and  Modes  from  Place. 

1.  From  marching  in  place  to  marching  forward. 

Command :  Fonvard  —  march  !  the  executive 
being  given  as  one  foot  (preferably  the  left) 
comes  hack  to  position  from  marching  in  place. 

Fxecution :  The  other  foot  is  advanced  once 
more  in  the  marching  in  place  movement  and 
replaced,  then  the  foot  on  which  the  executive 
command  was  given  commences  the  march  for- 
ward. 

The  extra  count  is  allowed  to  give  time  for 
thinking  and  for  poising  the  body  forward  that 
the  first  step  in  the  movement  may  be  true 
marching,  i.  e..  with  complete  transfer  of  weight. 

2.  From  marching  in  place  to  marching  sideward. 

Command:  Sideward  left  [r. ] — march!  the  exe- 
cutive being  given  as  the  foot  on  the  side  to 
which  the  march  is  to  take  place  touches  the 
ground. 

Execution :  The  other  foot  marches  in  place 
once  more,  and  the  marching  sideward  is  then 
begun  with  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was 
given,  and  continued  as  already  described.  (See 
section  I,  3.) 

3.  From  marching  in   place  to  marching  sideward   with 
follow  step. 

Command:     Follow  step  left   [r.]— march! 

Kxecution  :  Once  more  march  in  place  as  in  2. 
then  the  march  is  executed  as  described  in  sec- 
tion 1,7. 

4.  From  marching  in  place  to  marching  backward. 

Command:  Backward  —  march!  executive  given 
as  one  foot  (preferably  L.)  touches  ground. 


17 


Kxecutioii :  The  other  foot  tuarcho  in  place 
once  more,  then  the  backward  march  is  begun 
by  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given 

III.  Changes  from  Marching  in  the  Different  Direc- 
tions and  Modes  from  Place  to  Marching  in 
Place. 

1.  From  marching  forward  to  marching  in  place. 

Command:  In  place  —  march!  executive  given 
as  one  foot  (preferably  L.)  touches  ground. 

Execution :  Other  foot  advances  one  more  step 
when  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given 
commences  to  march  in  place. 

2.  From  marching  sideward  to  marching  in  place. 

Command:  In  place — march!  executive  given 
as  one  foot  touches  the  ground,  preferably  the 
foot  on  the  side  to  which  the  march  is  directed. 

Execution :  Other  foot  takes  one  more  step  in 
the  direction  of  the  march,  and  the  mark  time 
is  then  begun  by  the  foot  on  which  the  com- 
mand was  given. 

3.  From  marching  sideward  with  follow  step  to  march- 

ing in  place. 

Command:  In  place  —  march!  executive  com- 
mand given  preferably  as  foot  on  the  side  to 
which  the  march  is  directed  touches  the  ground, 
though  it  may  be  given  as  the  other  foot  touches 
the  ground. 

Execution  :  In  former  case  the  other  foot  closes 
to  position  and  the  foot  on  which  the  command 
was  given  commences  the  march  in  place.  In 
the  second  case  one  more  step  is  taken  by  the 
foot  on  the  side  to  which  the  march  is  directed, 
and  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given 
commences  the  march  in  place. 


18 


4.     From  marching  backward  to  marching  in  place. 

Command:  In  place  —  march!  executive  com- 
mand given  as  one  foot  (preferably  left)  touches 
the  ground. 

Execution  :  The  other  foot  takes  one  more  step 
backward  when  the  one  on  which  the  command 
was  given  begins  the  march  in  place. 

IV.     Changes     from     one     Mode     and     Direction     of 
Marching  from  Place  to  Another. 

1.  From  marching  forward  to  marching  backward. 

Command :  Backward  —  march  !  executive  com- 
mand given  as  one  foot  (preferably  left) 
touches  the  ground. 

Execution  :  The  other  foot  takes  one  more  step 
forward  when  the  foot  on  which  the  command 
was  given  begins  the  backward  march. 

2.  From  marching  forward  to  marching  sideward. 

Command,:  Sideward  left  [  r.  | — march!  execu- 
tive command  given  as  one  foot  touches  the 
ground,  preferably  that  on  the  side  to  which 
the  march  is  to  take  place. 

Execution :  The  other  foot  takes  one  more  step 
forward  when  the  foot  on  which  the  command 
was  given  begins  the  sideward  march  as  ordered. 

3.  From  marching   forward   to  marching  sideward   with 
follow  step. 

Command:     Follow  step  left   |-r.  j- -march  !  execu- 
tive command  given  as  in   (2)  just  preceding. 
Execution:     Asunder   (2)  just  preceding. 

4.  l;roni   marching  sideward   lett    |  r.  |    to   marching    for- 
ward. 

Command:  Forward  —  march!  executive  com- 
mand given  as  one  foot  touches  the  ground, 
preferably  the  foot  on  the  side  to  which  the 
march  is  directed. 


19 


Execution  :  The  other  foot"  takes  one  more  >tep 
sideward,  and  the  foot  on  which  the  command 
was  given  then  takes  up  the  march  forward. 

5.  From  marching  sideward  left   fr.]   to  marching  side- 
ward right  (" l.| 

Command:  Sideward  right  [1"|— march!  execu"- 
tive  command  given  as  under  (4)  just  pre- 
ceding. 

Execution:     As  under  (4)  just  preceding. 

6.  From  marching  sideward  left   |ri|   to  marching  side- 
ward left  [r.]  with  follow  step. 

Command.:  Follow  step  left  |  r.  |  —  march  !  ex- 
ecutive command  as  in  4. 

Execution  :  As  under  4,  the  new  marching  heing 
sideward  to  side  indicated  by  command  and 
in  the  manner  of  the  follow  step. 

7.  From     marching     sideward     left     fr.]     to     marching 
backward. 

COmmand  :  Backward  —  march  !  executive  com- 
mand given  as  under  4. 

Execution :  As  under  4.  the  new  march  heing 
backward. 

8.  From   marching   sideward   left    |  r.  |    with    follow   step 
to  marching  forward. 

9.  From  marching   sideward  left    [r.]    with    follow   step 
to  marching  sideward  right   [l.|   with  follow  step. 

10.  From   marching  sideward  left    [r.j    with    follow   step 
to  marching  sideward  right  [1.]. 

11.  From   marching   sideward   left    jr.J    with    follow   step 
to  marching  backward. 

Commands :      Forward. 

Follow  step  left   |r.  I 

c-  i  i     •    t  ,    n  I         f    march  ! 

Sideward  right    [l.J        | 

Backward 


Executive'  command  given  as  foot  on  side  to 
which  march  is  directed  touches  ground. 

Execution :  The  other  foot  closes  to  position 
and  the  march  in  the  new  direction  is  taken  up 
by  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given : 
except  when  the  change  is  to  sideward  march 
with  follow  step  in  the  opposite  direction  (9),  in 
which  case  the  new  movement  must  be  begun 
with  the  foot  on  the  side  to  which  the  new  march 
is  to  be  directed. 

12.  From  marching  backward  to  marching  forward. 

13.  From  marching  backward  to  marching  sideward. 

14.  From  marching  backward  to  marching  sideward  with 
follow  step. 

Commands :      Forward  1 

Sideward  left   [r.j          [-march! 
Follow  step  left    |r.|    j 

Execution:  As  in  1.  2.  3.  reading  backward  in 
place  of  forward. 


B.     FACING. 

I.     Facing  While  Standing  in  Place. 

Degree  of  Movement:  All  degrees  are  possible.  In  tac- 
tics only  the  following  are  used:  ^8  turn  or  45°.  *4 
turn  or  90°,  Y»  turn  or  135°,  }/2  turn  or  180°. 

1.     y*  turn  L.   [K.j. 

Command:      Left    |  r.  | — half — lace! 

Execution:  One  foot  (preferably  the  right, 
whichever  way  the  turn)  is  raised  entirelv  from 
the  ground  and  the  turn  of  45  is  made  on  the 
heel  of  the  other,  the  fore  part  being  raised. 
The  heels  are  kept  in  contact,  the  angle  of  the 
feet  is  kept  intact,  and  the  arms  are  kept  in 
position. 


21 


X.  I). — Half  relates  to  face.  One  can  not 
split  a  direction.  There  is  no  more  a  half-left 
than  there  is  a  half -forward  movement,  hut 
taking  '4  turn  or  90°  as  the  unit  of  facing  a 
half  face  is  %  turn  or  45°. 

2.  '/4  turn  L.  [R.J 

Command:     Left    (r.J  —  face! 

Execution :  l/±  turn  in  the  manner  indicated  in 
the  preceeding  paragraph,  prcferahly  on  the  left 
heel  whether  the  turn  is  left  or  right. 

3.  ft  turn  L.  [K.  | 

Command:     Left   [r.  |  and  half — face! 

Execution :  Y&  turn  in  manner  indicated  ahove. 
preferahly  on  left  heel. 

4.  y-i  turn  L.    [R.J 

Command:     Left   [r.J   about — face! 

Execution:  y2  turn  in  the  manner  described  un- 
der 1.  preferably  on  the  left  heel. 

X.  1). — Facing  on  the  same  heel  left  and  right 
while  standing  becomes  a  tactic  necessity  when 
the  individual  does 'the  exercise  as  a  member  of 
a  rank  for  if  in  a  closed  flank  or  front  rank  sev- 
eral members  of  the  rank  were  to  face  repeatedly 
one  left,  one  right  and  then  reface  repeatedly 
in  the  other  order  it  would  be  found  that  the 
distance  relation  between  them  which  in  a  dressed 
front  or  flank  rank  should  prevail  will  be  so 
changed  and  disturbed. as  to  make  further  move- 
ment as  an  individual  or  as  a  rank  impossible. 
This  is  quite  different  in  facing  while  marching 
in  or  from  place.  While  here  facing  left  on  the 
right  or  right  on  the  left  foot  again  if  done  as 
mentioned  above  in  a  rank  would  disturb  distance 
relations  the  movement  in  or  from  place  allows 
such  readjustment  of  the  space  discrepancy  as 
will  make  the  tactic  space  error  nil. 


22 


II.     Facing  While  Marching  in  Place. 

1.  y*  turn  L.  [R.]. 

Command:  Left  |r.]  — half — face!  executive 
command  given  as  either  foot  touches  the 
ground,  preferably  the  foot  on  the  side  to  which 
turn  is  to  take  place. 

Execution :  The  other  foot  marches  in  place 
once  more,  and  when  it  touches  the  ground  the 
Y$  turn  in  the  direction  indicated  is  made  on 
the  ball  of  this  foot.  The  foot  on  which  com- 
mand was  given  at  the  same  time  begins  a  march 
in  place  movement  which  "is  completed  in  the 
new  direction  and  then  taken  up  by  the  foot  on 
which  the  turn  was  made,  and  continued  as 
before. 

2.  y4  turn  L.    [R.|. 

Command:     Left  [r.] — face! 

Execution  :  j4  turn  ni  tne  nianner  described  un- 
der 1,  with  the  same  preference. 

3.  ;>6  turn  L.  |R.|. 

Command:      Left    |r.J   and  half — face! 

Execution :  ^  turn  in  manner  described  under 
1.  with  the  same  preference. 

4.  }/2  turn  L.  [R.|. 

Command:     Left    [r.J    about — face! 

Execution  :  J/2  turn  in  the  manner  described  un- 
der 1,  with  same  preference. 

X.  P>.  —  If  two  or  more  quarter  turns  are  to 
be  executed  consecutively,  the  command  is. 
Two  [  three,  four)  quarter  \\\v\\>  left  (right] 
—march !  when  a  quarter  turn  is  executed  in 
the  manner  above  described  and  immediately 
followed  bv  a>  many  more  as  the  c<  mvmand 


23 

III.     Facing   While  Marching  from   Place. 

</)     II  '////(•  iii<n-iliin<!  foncurd 

1.  j/s  turn   L.    |1\.|    while  marching  forward. 

Command:  Left  |r.  |  -- half  -— fact- !  executive 
command  given  as  one  foot  touches  the  ground, 
preferably  the  foot  on  the  side  to  which  the 
turn  is  to  he  made. 

Execution:  The  other  foot  advances  one  more 
step,  touches  the  ground,  and  the  }/%  turn  is 
made  on  its  ball.  The  foot  on  which  the  com- 
mand was  given  is  at  the  same  time  raised 
forward,  and  as  the  weight  of  the  body  is 
transferred  and  the  turn  made  it  takes  the  first 
step  in  the  new  direction,  and  the  march  is 
continued. 

2.  1/4  turn  L.  [  R.  |   while  marching  forward. 

Command:      Left     |r.|  —  face!    given     with   the 
same  preference  as  in   1. 

Execution :  j4  turn  in  the  same  manner  a-  de- 
scribed under  1 . 

3.  :>'8  turn  L.   [R.]   while  marching  forward. 

Command:     Left    |r.|   and  half — face! 
Execution  :      •)'$  turn  in  >ame  manner  as  de-cribed 
under   1. 

4.  }-2  turn  L.   JR.]  while  marching  forward. 

Command:      Left     [r.  |     about — face!    given    with 

same  preference  as  in  1. 
Execution :      '-2     turn     in     the     manner     <le>cribed 

under    1. 
b)      ll'liilc  marching  sidc-i^ard  (true  iiiarclrino ). 

5.  */s    turn    L.    |l\.|    while    marching    >ideward    L.    [R.] 

Command:  Left  [r.|  half—  face!  executive 
command  given  as  one  foot  touche>  the  ground. 
preferably  the  one  on  the  side  to  which  the  turn 
is  to  be  made. 


24 


Execution  :  The  other  foot  takes  one  more  step 
and  as  it  touches  the  ground  the  turn  is  taken 
on  the  ball  of  the  foot,  while  at  the  same  time 
the  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given  is 
raised  and  immediately  begins  the  sideward 
march  in  the  new  direction. 

(>.      '4  turn  L.   |  R.  |  while  marching  sideward  L.   [R.]. 

Command:  Left  [r.] — face!  given  with  same 
preference  as  in  5. 

Execution:  \V\  turn,  executed  as  described  un- 
der 5. 

7.  -;8  turn  L.  |  R.  |  while  marching  L.  [R.] 

Command:      Left   [r.]   and  half — face!  given  with 

same  preference  as  in  5. 
Execution  :      y$  turn  as  described  under  5. 

8.  'l/2  turn  L.   |  R.  ]   while  marching  sideward  L.   [R.j. 

Command:  Left  [  r.  ]  about — face!  given  as  in  4. 
with  same  preference. 

Execution  :  T  j  turn  in  the  manner  described  un- 
der 5. 

c)     While  marching  sideward  i^'ith  follo-ic  step. 

9.  l/$    turn    L.    |  R.  |    while   marching   sideward    L.    |R.| 
with    follow  step. 

Command:  Left  [r.] — half — face!  Executive 
command  given  as  foot  on  side  to  which  march 
is  directed  touches  the  ground. 

Execution:  The  other  foot  closes  to  position  and 
the  indicated  turn  is  made  on  the  ball  of  this 
foot,  while  the  foot  on  which  command  \va^ 
given  is  raised  and  immediately  planted  side- 
ward in  the  new  direction. 

ID.    '/4    turn    L.    |R.|    while   inarching   sideward    L.    \l\.\ 
with    follow   step. 

Command:      Left    |r.|--face!   given  a>   in  9. 
Execution:      As   de-cribed   under  9.   taking  the    'j 
turn. 


11.  >>«    turn    I,.    |K.|    while-   marching   sideward    L.    [R.J 
with   lollow  step. 

Command:  Left  |r.|  and  half — face!  given  as 
in  9. 

Execution:  As  described  under  9.  taking  ihe  -^s 
turn. 

12.  \A   turn    L.    |R.|    while   marching   sideward    L.    |  R.] 
with  follow  step. 

Command:  Left  |r.]  about — face!  given  as  in  9. 
Execution :  As  described  under  9.  taking  the 
}/2  turn. 

d)      il'liile  - inarcliiiHf   backward. 

13.  '/s  turn  L.  [R.|  while  marching  backward. 

COmmand:  Left  .  [rj  half — face!  Executive 
command  given  as  one  foot  touches  the  ground, 
preferably  the  foot  on  the  side  to  which  the  turn 
is  to  be  taken. 

Execution  :  The  other  foot  takes  one  more  step 
backward,  and  as  it  touches  the  ground  the 
indicated  turn  is  made  on  the  ball  of  this  foot, 
while  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given 
is  raised  and  on  the  completion  of  the  turn  pro- 
ceeds backward  in  the  new  direction. 

14.  l/4  turn  L.   |  R.  |   while  marching  backward. 

Command:  Left  [r.] — face!  given  as  under  13. 
with  the  same  preference. 

Execution  :  ]/4  turn  in  the  manner  described  un- 
der 13. 

15.  :'/x  turn  L.   [R.  |   while  marching  backward. 

Command:  Left  [r.]  and  half — face!  given  a?> 
under  13,  with  same  preference. 

Execution  :  •?••<<  turn  in  manner  described  under 
13. 


26 


\<>.    l<-2  turn  I...   (R.j   while  marching  backward. 

Command:     Left    jr.]    about — face!  given   as  un- 
der  Li.  \vitli  same  preference. 

i'.xecution  :      r •'->  turn  in  the  manner  described  un- 
der. 13. 


C.     FACING  AND  MARCHING  FROM  A  STAND. 
I.     Facing  and  Marching  in  Place. 

1.  l-p  turn  and  march  in  place. 

Command:  Half  face  left  |  r.  |  and  in  place  — 
march  ! 

Kxecution  :  On  the  command  march,  the  left 
foot  is  raised  from  the  ground,  the  indicated 
turn  is  made  on  the  hall  of  the  stationary  foot, 
and  the  other  immediately  begins  marching  in 
place. 

2.  '4  turn  and  march  in  place. 

Command:     Face   left    [r.|    and    in    place-—  march 
Kxecution:     As  described  under   1. 

3.  -;s  turn  and  march  in  place. 

Command:      Face  left    |  r.  |    and  half  and  in  place 

—  march  ! 
(Cxecution:      As  described  under   1. 

4.  l/2  turn  and  inarch  in  place. 

Command:      Face   left    (r.J    about   and    in   place  — 

march  ! 
Kxecution  :      A>  de>cribed  under   1. 

II.     Facing  and  Marching  from  Place. 


1.      :«  turn  and  forward  march. 

Command:     Half    face   left    [  K.  |    and    forward  — 
march  ! 


27 


Execution :  On  the  command  march,  the  left 
foot  is  raised  forward  and  at  the  same  time  the 
specified  turn  is  made  on  the  ball  of  the  right 
foot,  the  body  weight  is  transferred  and  the 
placing  of  the  raised  foot  begins  the  forward 
march. 

2.      '4   turn  and   forward  march. 

Command:      Face  left    [r.  |    and    forward     march! 

Execution:     }/\  turn  as  described  under  1.   ' 
o.      -'-8  turn  and  forward  march. 

COmmand:  Face  left  |  r.  |  and  half  and  forward 
— march  ! 

Execution:      *•$  turn  as  described  under  1. 

4.  '  _>  turn  and  forward  march. 

Command:      Face   left    |  r.  |    about    and    forward — 
march  ! 

Execution:      l/2  turn  as  described  under  1. 
b  )     Sideward  (trite  marching}. 

5.  L/tt,  turn  and  sideward  march. 

Command:  Half  face  left  [r.J  and  sideward  left 
[r.J — march  ! 

Execution:  On  the  command  march,  the  left 
foot  is  raised  from  the  ground.  At  the  same 
time  the  specified  turn  is  taken  on  the  ball  of 
the  right  foot,  and  the  raised  foot  is  placed 
sideward,  thus  beginning  the  march. 

().      '4   turn  and  sideward  march. 

Command:  Face  left  |r.  |  and  sideward  left 
|  r.  | — march  ! 

Execution:  '4  turn  in  the  manner  described 
under  5. 

7.      -;s   turn  and  sideward  march. 

Command:     Face  left   [r.J   and  half  and  sideward 

left   [r.j— march. 
Execution:      •}••$,     turn     in     the    manner     described 

under  5. 


28 


(S.      V2  turn  and  sideward  march. 

Command:     Face    left    [r.]    about    and    sideward 

left   [r.] — march! 
Execution :     As   described   under   4. 

c)     Sideward  witJi  follow  step. 

9.  '/s  turn. 

Command:  Half  face  left  |  r.  j  and  follow  step 
left  [r.]^— march  ! 

10.  '4  turn. 

Command:  Face  left  |r.]  and  follow  step  left 
[  r.  | — march  ! 

1 1.  •><£  turn.. 

Command  :  Face  left  [r.]  and  half  and  follow  step 
left  |r.| — march  ! 

12.  V2  turn. 

Command:  Face  left  [r.J  about  and  follow  step 
left  [r.| — march  ! 

Execution  of  9,  10,  11  and  12.  As  described 
under  5,  except  that  after  the  first  step  the 
sideward  marching  is  done  with  the  follow  step 
instead  of  with  the  crossing  of  one  foot  over 
the  other. 

X.  B. — -The  turn  ma}'  be  taken  either  in  the 
direction  of  the  march,  e.  g.,  left  face  with  side- 
ward left  march,  or  in  the1  opposite  direction 
from  that  of  the  march,  e.  g.,  left  face  with 
sideward  right  march. 

d )     Backward. 

13.  '/x  turn  and  backward  march. 

Command:  Half  face  left  |r.|  and  backward — 
march  ! 

Execution  :  On  the  command  to  march,  the  left 
foot  is  raised  from  the  ground ;  at  the  same 
time  the  specified  turn  is  made  on  the  ball  of 
the  right  foot,  and  the  raised  foot  being  placed 


29 


backward  and  the-  weight  transferred  to  it.  thus 
lupins  the  backward  march. 

14.  '  t   turn  and  backward  march. 

Command:     Face  left  [r.  |  and  backward — march! 
Execution:     As  described  under  13. 

15.  :y;s  turn  and  backward  march. 

Command:     Face  left  [r.]  and  half  and  backward 
—march  ! 

Execution:     As  described  under   13. 

lf>.    y>  turn  and  backward  march. 

Command:     Face  left   |  r.  |   about  and  backward— 
march  ! 

Execution:     As  described  under  13. 


D.     FACING  AND  HALTING  FROM  A  MARCH. 
I.     From  Marching  in  Place. 

1.  l/8  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Half  face  left  |r.]  and— halt ! 

2.  \/4  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face   left    [r.j    and — halt! 

3.  -v^  turn  and  halt. 

Command:      Face  left   [r.]   and  half  and — halt! 

4.  y'2  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left   [r.J   about  and — halt! 

Execution  of  1,  2,  3,  and  4:  The  command  halt 
is  given  as  the  foot  of  the  side  to  which  turn  is 
to  be  made  touches  the  ground.  The  other  foot 
executes  one  more  march  in  place,  and  as  it 
touches  the  ground  the  specified  move  is  made 
on  the  ball  of  this  foot.  The  foot  on  which  the 
command  was  given  having  meanwhile  been 
raised  for  one  more  march  in  place,  ends  the 
move  by  closing  to  position. 


30 

II.     From  Marching  from  Place. 

a)     From  marching  f onward. 

1.  y%  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Half  face  left   [r.]   and — halt! 

2.  1/4  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face   left    [r.]    and — halt! 

3.  YX  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left   [r.]   and  half  and — halt! 

4.  y2  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left   [r.|  about  and — halt! 

Fxecution  of  1.  2,  3,  and  4:  The  command  halt 
is  given  as  the  foot  of  the  side  to  which  turn  is 
to  take  place  touches  the  ground.  The  other 
foot  takes  one  more  step  forward,  and  tlje 
specified  turn  is  made  on  the  hall  of  that  foot. 
The  foot  on  which  the  command  was  given 
having  meanwhile  been  raised,  ends  the  move 
by  closing  to  position. 

b)     From  marching  sideward  (trite  marching). 

5.  y%  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Half   face  left   [r.  |   and — halt! 

6.  J4  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face   left    [r.|    and — halt! 

7.  */$  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left   [r.]   and  half  and    -halt  ! 

8.  y2  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left   [r.J   about  and — halt! 

Fxecution  of  5,  6,  7,  and  8:  Command  halt  is 
given  as  the  foot  on  the  side  to  which  marching 
is  directed  touches  the  ground.  The  other  foot 
takes  one  more  step  sideward,  and  as  it  comes 
to  the  ground  the  turn  is  made  on  the  ball  of 
this  foot.  The  foot  on  which  the  command  was 
given  having  at  the  same  time  been  rai-ed  ends 
the  move  by  closing  to  position. 


31 

r)     From  inarching  sideward  with  follow  step. 

9'     1 

10.  I         Commands  the  same  as  under   5.  6.  7.   and  8, 

11.  f        respectively. 

12.  J 

Execution:  Command  halt  is  given  as  foot  on 
side  to  which  marching  is  directed  touches  the 
ground.  The  other  foot  closes  to  position  and 
the  specified  turn  is  made  on  the  ball  of  this 
foot.  The  other  foot  having  meanwhile  been 
raised,  ends  the  movement  by  closing  to  posi- 
tion. 

d~)     From  marching  backward. 

13.  l/s>  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Half  face  left  [r.|  and — halt! 

14.  l/4  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left  [r.]  and— halt ! 

15.  :>6  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left   [r.]   and  half  and — bait! 

16.  }/2  turn  and  halt. 

Command:     Face  left   [r. |  about  and — halt! 

Execution  of  13,  14,  15,  and  16:  Command  halt 
is  given  as  foot  on  side  to  which  turn  is  to  be 
taken  touches  the  ground.  The  other  foot  takes 
one  more  step  backward  and  as  it  touches  the 
ground  the  specified  turn  is  made  on  the  ball 
of  this  foot.  The  oilier  foot,  having  mean- 
while been  raised  from  the  ground,  ends  the 
move  by  closing  to  position. 

E.     FACING  AND  CHANGING  THE  MODE  AND 

DIRECTION  OF  THE  MARCH. 

I.     From  Marching  in  Place. 

1.     ^s,   [/4-  y&,  YZ\   turn  and  forward  march. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  [r.  |.  [face  left  [r.], 
face  left  [r.]  and  half,  face  left  fr.j  about] 
and  forward — march  ! 


32 


Execution  :  The  executive  command  is  given  as 
the  foot  on  the  side  toward  which  the  turn  is 
directed  touches  the  ground.  The  other  foot  is 
raised  and  replaced  in  marching  —  in  —  place 
fashion  and  on  the  hall  of  this  foot  the  turn  is 
made  in  the  direction  and  of  the  degree  indi- 
cated hy  the  command  while  the  foot  on  which 
the  command  was  given  immediately  begins  the 
march  forward. 

2.      !/8    [l/4,  y$.  }/2\   turn  and  sideward  march. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  [r.J,  [face  left  |r.|, 
face  left  |r.  |  and  half,  face  left  (r.|  about]  and 
sideward  left  [  r.  j  —  march! 

Execution  :  The  executive  command  is  given  a> 
the  foot  on  the  side  toward  which  the  sideward 
march  will  be  directed  touches  the  ground.  The 
other  foot  marches  in  place  once  more,  and  on 
the  ball  of  this  foot  the  turn  is  made  in  the 
direction  and  of  the  degree  indicated  by  the 
command  while  the  foot  on  which  the  command 
was  given  immediately  begins  the  .march  side- 
ward. 


3-      l/$»   IM-  Yf"  V2\  turn  an(l  t()Hnw  S^'P  E.    |1\.|   march. 
Commands:     Half    face  left    [  r.  ]  .    |  face  left    jr.). 

face  left  [r.  |  and  half,  face  left    |  r.  |  about  |  and 

follow  step  left   |  r.  |  —  march! 
Execution:      As  under  2  but  march  sideward  with 

follow  step  after  turn. 

4.     y%   [l/4,  y$,  l/2\  turn  and  backward  march. 

Commands:  Half  fa  a.-  left  |r.|,  |  face  .left  |r.j, 
face  left  |r.|  and  half,  face  left  |r.|  about]  and 
backward  —  march  ! 

Execution:  As  under  1  but  march  backward 
after  turn. 

II.     From  Marching  Forward. 

1.      ,'/8.   [l/4.  •;-«.  l/'\  turn  L.   |K.|  and  march  .-ide\vard   L. 
[R.I. 


Command:  Half  fact-  left  |r.  |,  [face  left  [r.j  — 
face  left  and  half,  face  left  |r.|  about)  and  side- 
ward left  |  r.  | — march  ! 

Execution :  Executive  command  is  given  a*  the 
foot  on  side  towards  which  the  new  marching 
is  to  he  done  comes  to  the  ground.  The  other 
advances  one  more  step,  on  the  hall  of  it  the 
turn  is  executed  and  the  other  foot  having  been 
raised  from  ground  commences  then  the  march- 
ing in  new  mode  or  direction,  in  this  instance 
sideward  left  |r.]. 

2.  j/6,   [l/4,  •%,   l/2\   turn  and   follow  step  sideward. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  |r.|,  |  face  left  |r.|. 
face  left  [r.  |  and  half,  face  left  |  r.  |  about]  and 
follow  step  left  |r.| — march! 

Execution:  As  under  1.  but  sideward  inarch  with 
follow  step. 

3.  1/6,  \l/4,  Y&*  l/>\  turn  and  march  backward. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  [r.  |,  (face  left  [r.  |, 
face  left  [r.  |  and  half,  face  left  |  r.  |  -about)  and 
backward — march  ! 

Execution:  As  under  1,  but  marching  backward 
after  turn. 

4.  Vs.   |  J4>  ^8.  YZ\   tui'ii  and  inarch  in  place. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  |r.  |.  |  face  left  |r.J. 
face  left  [r.  |  and  half,  face  left  |r.|  about]  and 
in  place — march  ! 

Execution :  The  executive  command  is  given  as 
the  foot  on  side  to  which  turn  is  made  touches 
the  ground.  The  other  foot  takes  one  more 
step  forward,  on  the  ball  of  it  is  made  the  turn 
in  the  direction  and  of  the  degree  indicated  by 
the  command,  when  the  marching  in  place  is 
begun  with  the  foot  on  which  the  command  was 
sriven. 


34 


III.     From   Marching   Sideward   Left    (Right). 

\l/4,  y»,  l/>]  turn  and 

1.  March  sideward  in  opposite  direction. 

2.  March     sideward     in     opposite     direction     with 
follow  step. 

3.  March  forward. 

4.  March  hackward. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  [r.],  [face  left  [r.], 
face  left  [r.]  and  half,  face  left  [r.]  about]  and 
1,  sideward  right  [left]  —  2,  follow  step  right 
[left]  —  3,  forward  —  4,  backward  —  march! 

Execution  :  For  all  changes  except  follow  step 
in  opposite  direction  after  a  turn  in  same 
direction,  as  in  II,  1,  reading  marching  side- 
ward. forward,  backward.  When  changing 
from  marching  sideward  left  [right]  after 
facing  left  [right]  to  follow  step  sideward  right 
[left],  after  the  turn  has  been  taken  as  usual, 
the  free  foot  having  been  raised  executes  one 
marching  step  in  place  when  the  other  begins 
the  follow  step  in  the*  new  direction. 
y&.  [l/4,  ?/x,  y>]  turn  left  [r.]  and  march  in  place. 

Command  and  execution  as  in  II,  4. 

IV.     From  Follow  Step  Left  (Right). 


1.  March  sideward  right   [left)  ; 

2.  Follow  step  sideward   right    |left|; 

3.  March   forward  : 

4.  March  backward. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  [r.J,  [face  left  [r.  |, 
face  left  [r.]  and  half,  face  left  [r.J  about]  and 
—  -1.  sideward  right  [left]  —  2,  follow  step  right 
[left]  —  3,  forward  —  4,  backward  —  march! 

Execution:    As  in  III,  with  same  exception. 
j/8  [l/4,  :/$,  l/2\  turn  L.  [R.]  and  march  in  place. 

Commands  and  execution  as  in  II,  4. 


35 


V.     From   Marching   Backward. 

ys.  \1A.  M..  YA  turn  and 

1.  March   forward. 

2.  March  sideward  L.  |R.|. 

3.  Follow  step  L.  [R.j. 

Commands:  Half  face  left  [r.J,  [face  left  [r.j, 
face  left  [r.]  and  half,  face  left  [r.|  about]  and 
1,  forward — 2,  sideward  left  [right] — 3.  follow 
step  left  [right] — march! 

Execution:     As  in  II. 
4.      ',s,   ['4,  H<  YA  turn  and  march  in  place. 

Commands  and  execution  as  in  II.  4. 


F.    CURVILINEAR   MARCHING. 

If  facing  of  smaller  degree  than  ^  turn  be  combined 
with  each  marching  step  of  the  different  modes  and  direc- 
tions of  marching  from  place  we  have  the  marching 
in  curves. 

The  most  regular,  well-known  and  therefore  the  most 
easily  executed  curve  is  the  circle.  It  lends  itself  to  tactic 
performance;  it  is.  of  course,  a  form  of  tactic  movement 
of  the  individual.  Since,  however,  its  ease  of  perform- 
ance as  well  as  accuracy  of  execution  is  enhanced  by 
furnishing  a  visible  and  tangible  center  for  the  circle, 
it  is  customary  to  have  it  performed  in  ranks  of  two,  one 
individual  serving  as  a  center  while  the  other  performs 
the  circling.  The  circling  may  be  performed  not  only  by 
marching  in  the  several  modes  and  directions,  but  also 
by  running,  skipping  and  the  various  dancing  steps. 

I.     Circling  in  Front  Rank  of  Two  Individuals. 

1/1,    /^,    /4    circle   L.    [R.]    executed   by    the    individual 
standing  R.  [L.]. 
1.     Individual  standing  right  circles  left. 

Command:     The    right     one,     circle     |  half-circle, 
quarter-circle]   left — march! 


36 


Execution  :  The  individual  performs  a  circle  (  or 
that  part  of  a  circle  indicated  by  the  command) 
to  the  left  around  the  individual  on  his  left  by 
marching  forward  and  turning  left  45 r  with 
each  count.  As  the  arc  traversed  is.  in  extent, 
the  same  as  the  individual  in  a  wheeling  rank 
of  two  would  traverse,  we  shall  allow  two  counts 
for  each  quarter  circle.  As  the  last  count  is  for 
the  closing  of  the  feet,  it  means  one  step  less 
than  the  number  of  counts  allowed. 

2.  Individual  standing  left  circles  right. 

Command:  The  left  one.  circle  |  half-circle,  quar- 
ter-circle] right — march  ! 

Execution  :  As  in  <  1 )  except  that  the  turning  is 
right. 

3.  Individual  standing  right   circles   right. 
Command:  The     right     one     circle     [half-circle. 

quarter-circle]    right — march  ! 

Execution:  As  in  (  1 )  but  the  marching  is  back- 
ward and  the  turning  is  right. 

4.  Individual  standing  left  circles  left. 
Command:     The     left     one      circle      |  half-circle. 

quarter-circle  |   left — march  ! 

Execution:  As  in  (2)  but  the  marching  is  back- 
ward and  the  turning  is  left. 

II.     Circling  in  Flank  Rank  of  Two  Individuals. 

1/1,    j/2.    /4    circle    L.    |R.|    executed    by    the'    individual 
standing  in  front  or  rear  of  the  rank. 
1.     Individual  standing  in  front  circles  left. 

Command:     The     front     one     circle     |  half-circle. 

quarter-circle]    left — march  ! 

Execution:  The  individual  standing  hr-t  in  tilt-- 
rank describes  as  much  of  a  circle  as  the  com- 
mand indicates  by  marching  sideward  left 
around  the  other  individual  with  true  sideward 
march  or  follow  step,  turned  45  left  on  each 
count,  the  number  of  counts  being  two  for  each 


37 


quarter  circle.     In   follow  stepping  the  closing 
movement  is  not  counted. 

2.  Individual  standing  in  front  circles  right. 
Command:     Front   one   circle    [half-circle,    quar- 
ter circle]  right — march  ! 

Execution  :     As  in  ( 1 )  except  sideward  marching 
and  turning  are  right. 

3.  Individual  standing  in  rear  circles  left. 
Command:     Rear  one  circle  [half-circle,  quarter- 
circle]  left — march! 

Execution :     As  in   ( 1 )   but  the  sideward  march- 
ing is  to  the  right. 

4.  Individual  standing  in  rear  circles  right. 
Command :     Rear  one  circle   [half-circle,  quarter- 
circle]   right — march ! 

Execution  :     As  in  ( 1 )  but  the  march  is  sideward 

left  and  the  turning  is  to  the  right. 
********* 

Circling  may,  naturally,  be  performed  in  ranks  of  more 
than  two  individuals.  The  execution  is  the  same  as  above 
except  for  the  number  of  counts  necessary  for  the  per- 
formance of  the  movement.  Here  the  rule  is  that  one 
allows  the  individual  as  many  counts  for  each  quarter- 
circle  as  he  is  persons  removed  from  the  center.  Thus, 
if  the  fifth  man  in  a  rank  circles,  he  is  given  five  counts 
for  each  quarter-circle. 

III.     Circling  in  Front  Rank  of  Two  Individuals  with 
About  Facing  on  First  and  Last  Counts. 

1.     Individual   standing   right   faces   R.    [L.]    about   and 
circles  right. 

Command:  Right  one  face  right  [1.]  about  and 
circle  [half-circle,  quarter-circle]  right — march! 
Execution:  Performing  right  [1.]  about  face  and 
forward  march  on  the  first  count,  the  individual 
standing  right  circles  right  around  the  other 
individual,  facing  right  about  and  halting  on 
last  count. 


38 

2.  Individual    standing   left    faces   L.    [R.]    about   and 
circles  left. 

Command:     Left   one    face   left    [r.]    about   and 
circle    [half-circle,   quarter-circle]    left — march! 
Execution:     As  in  (1). 

3.  Individual  standing  right  faces  left    [r.]    about  and 
circles  left. 

Command:  Right  one  face  left  [r.]  about  and 
circle  [half-circle,  quarter-circle]  left — march! 

Execution:  The  right  one  faces  left  [r.]  about 
and  marches  backward  on  first  count,  circling 
around  the  other  individual,  turning  left  [r.] 
about  and  halting  on  last  count. 

Execution:  Turning  left  [r.]  about,  the  individ- 
ual marches  sideward  right  around  the  other 
individual,  facing  left  [r.]  about  and  halting  on 
last  count. 

4.  Individual    standing   left    faces   left    [r.]    about    and 
circles  right. 

Command:     Left    one    face    left    [r.]    about    and 
circle   [half-circle,  quarter-circle]   right — march! 
Execution:     As  in    (3). 

IV.     Circling  In  Flank  Rank  of  Two  Individuals  with 
About  Facing  on  First  and  Last  Counts. 

1.  Individual  standing  in  front  faces  left  [r.]  about  and 
.    circles  left. 

Command:     Front   one    lace   left    [r.]    about  and 
'circle    [half-circle,    quarter-circle]    left — march! 

2.  Individual    standing    in    front    faces   left    .[r.]    about 
and  circles  right. 

Command:  Front  one  face  left  [r.]  about  and 
circle  [half-circle,  quarter-circle]  right — march! 

Execution:  As  in  (1)  except  that  the  march  is 
sideward  left. 

3.  Individual  standing  in  rear  faces  left  [r.]   about  and 
circles  ri"ht. 


39 


Command :     Rear   one   face   left    [r.]    about   and 
circle  [half-circle,  quarter-circle]  right — march! 

Execution :     On    the    first    count    the    individual 
faces  left  [r.]  about  and  marches  sideward  right 
facing  left  about  and  halting  on  last  count. 
4.     Individual  standing  in  rear  faces  left  [r.]  about  and 
circles  left. 

Command:     Rear   one   face  left    [r.]    about   and 
circle    [half-circle,   quarter-circle]    left— march! 

Execution:     As  in    (3)   except  that  the  march  is 
sideward  left. 


G.    ALL  THE  EXERCISES. 
Contained  in  Chapters  A — F  Executed  While  Runn:ng. 

Running  forward,  sideward,  sideward  with  follow 
step,  backward,  will  of  course  have  to  be  thoroughly 
mastered  first  before  tactics  are  attempted  while  run- 
n:ng.  Likewise  must  a  tactic  exercise  be  acquired  per- 
fectly in  the  different  modes  of  marching  before  it  should 
be  executed  in  a  run.  Tactics  in  running  are  more  difficult 
than  the  corresponding  exercises  in  marching  on  account 
of  the  shorter  time  given  for  thinking  and  the  greater 
momentum  to  be  overcome  in  changing  di reckons,  etc. 

The  exercises  are  executed  according  to  the  rules  for 
the  corresponding  moves  in  marching.  It  goes  without 
saying,  that  the  simpler  tactics  of  the  individual  can  be 
done  while  running,  before  the  more  complicated  ones  are 
taught  while  marching.  The  commands  are  the  same  as 
before  given,  substituting  the  word  "run"  for  "march." 

H.  The  Exercises  of  Chapters  A,  II,  III  and  IV  Done 
While  Changing  from  a  March  to  a  Run  or 
Vice  Versa. 

When  the  exercises  of  the  above  named  chapters  have 
been  acquired  while  marching  or  running  they  may  now 
be  repeated  so  as  to  involve  such  a  change  as,  for  instance, 
from  marching  forward  to  a  run  sideward,  from  running 
forward  to  face  and  march  sideward,  etc.,  etc. 


OTHER  BOOKS  BY  E.  H.  ARNOLD. 

Elementary  Apparatus  Work.     40c. 

Manual  of  Tactics  and  Free  Gymnastics  for  the  School 
Room.     40c. 

Gymnastic  Games  and  Plays,  Classified.     80c. 

Gymnastic  Nomenclature.     60c. 

Tactics  of  the  Rank.     60c. 

Tactics  of  the  Body  of  Ranks.     60c. 


SOUTHERN  BRANCH, 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

LIB-RARY, 

CALIF. 


Bretzfeldcr  Priniery,  New  Htven,  Conn. 


GYMNASTIC  TACTICS 


Part  II 
TACTICS  OF  THE  RANK 

SOUTHERN  BRANCH, 
UNIVERSITY-4£-GALlFORN!A, 

LIBRARY, 

O.OS  ANOELES,  CALIF. 
BY 

E.  H.  ARNOLD 

Director  New  Haven  Normal  School  of  Gymnastics 


NEW  HAVEN  CONN. 
1922 


GYMNASTIC  TACTICS 


Part  II 
TACTICS  OF  THE  RANK 


BY 

E.  H.  ARNOLD 

Director  New  Haven  Normal  School  of  Gymnastics 


NEW  HAVEN  CONN. 
1922 

1  0  5  5  7  2 


PREFACE 

Tactics  of  the  Rank  may  be  used  for  the  same  pur- 
pose as  the  Tactics  of  the  Individual,  namely,  to 
shorten  reaction  time  and  to  cultivate  the  power  of 
discrimination.  For  the  former  purpose,  they  are  not 
as  efficient,  generally  speaking-,  as  the  Tactics  of  the 
Individual ;  but  since  their  variety  is  rather  greater 
than  that  of  Tactics  of  the  Individual,  their  usefulness 
for  the  latter  object  is  thereby  enhanced. 

The  method  of  arriving  at  the  two  objects  is  essen- 
tially the  same  as  that  used  in  Tactics  of  the  Indi- 
vidual. The  Tactics  of  the  Rank  are  applied  arithme- 
tic, geometry  and  physics.  They  teach  these  disci- 
plines in  an  objective  manner  and  may  readily  sup- 
plement the  teaching  of  those  branches  in  the  class  room. 
On  another  occasion  I  have  enlarged  upon  what  one  may 
teach  by  the  simple  movement  of  quarter  wheeling.  If  a 
quarter  wheel  may  teach  such  a  great  variety  of 
things,  what  will  not  the  many  other  forms  of  Tactics 
of  the  Rank  teach?  Choice  of  action,  judgment,  is  not 
exercised  in  any  form  of  tactics,  and  therefore  not  in 
Tactics  of  the  Rank.  Other  forms  of  gymnastic  ac- 
tivity must  step  in  for  this  purpose.  Concerted  action, 
team  work,  leaderslrp  and  loyal  fellowship,  however, 
find  an  efficient  exponent  in  Tactics  of  the  Rank.  The 
idea  that  these  desirable  qualities  can  only  be  gotten 
through  plays  and  games  is  certainly  erroneous. 

I  shall  take  occasion  at  some  future  time  and  in  an- 
other place  to  dilate  upon  this  particular  point.  As  this 
booklet  is  intended  as  a  systematic  arrangement  of 
Tactics  of  the  Rank  no  hints  on  the  method  of  their 
use  in  a  system  of  gymnastics  are  here  given.  It  is  the 
function  of  normal  school  training  to  furnish  these. 

E.  H.  ARNOLD. 
New  Haven,  Connecticut. 
February,  1915. 


PREFACE  TO  SECOND  EDITION 

Except  for  the  correction  of  a  few  inaccuracies  of 
description  and  typographical  errors  and  a  few  minor 
additions  the  second  edition  goes  out  without  any  im- 
portant alterations. 

E.  H.  A. 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  December,  1921. 


TACTICS 

Part  II 

TACTICS  OF  THE  RANKS 


INTRODUCTORY 
Purpose. 

A  rank  is  a  tactic  formation  which  makes  it  possible 
for  two  or  more  individuals  to  act  tactically  as  one. 

Conditions. 

If  action  in  the  rank  is  the  reaction  to  stimuli  it 
stands  to  reason  that  in  order  to  react  as  one,  the 
members  of  the  rank  must  feel  as  one.  They  must 
be  put  in  a  position  wherein  they  have  the  same  rela- 
tion to  any  stimulus  to  be  received.  As  our  movements 
are  mainly  directed  in  space  by  means  of  the  sense  of 
sight  they  must,  for  instance,  have  the  same  relation 
to  any  visual  stimuli  that  might  reach  them.  They 
must  in  other  words  see  the  same  things  at  the  same 
time  or  be  given  a  chance  to  do  so  at  any  rate. 

The  fulfillment  of  this  imposes  several  conditions 
upon  the  arrangement  of  such  a  tactic  body. 

First  Condition :  The  individuals  composing  this 
tactic  body,  viz. :  the  rank  must  be  so  related  one  to 
the  other  that  one  and  the  same  axis  of  each  individual 
falls  into  a  straight  line  with  the  corresponding  axis 
of  each  and  every  other  individual. 

Second  Condition  :  Upon  this  straight  line  the  indi- 
viduals composing  the  rank  must  be  so  arranged  that 
they  face  in  the  same  geographical  direction. 


Limitations. 

As  far  as  the  members  of  the  rank  must  react  as  one 
to  auditory  stimuli  they  must,  of  course,  likewise  be 
in  position  to  hear  the  same  thing  at  the  same  time. 
The  matter  of  arrangement  as  to  facing  in  a  direc- 
tion is  fairly  unimportant  in  this  regard.  However, 
since  sound  travels  comparatively  slow  there  is  a  prac- 
tical limitation  to  the  size  of  a  rank.  Assuming  the 
reaction  time  of  common  people  to  be  one-fifth  of 
a  second  and  putting  the  velocity  of  sound  in  round 
numbers  at  three  hundred  yards  it  stands  to  reason 
that  people  will  react  to  an  auditory  stimulus  at  the 
same  time  only  within  a  radius  of  sixty  yards,  one 
hundred  and  eighty  feet.  A  rank,  or  for  that  matter 
any  other  tactic  unit,  which  is  to  react  with  exactness 
as  to  time  must  then  not  be  larger  in  extent  than  one 
hundred  and  eighty  feet  in  any  one  direction. 

Reaction  as  guided  by  the  sense  of  sight  has,  of 
course,  no  time  difficulties  since  light  travels  so  fast 
that  a  sight  stimulus  would  be  received  by  the  mem- 
bers of  a  rank  of  any  imaginable  size  at  the  same 
time  making  possible  simultaneous  exact  reaction  in 
response  to  it.  There  is,  however,  a  limitation  to  the 
size  of  a  rank  even  if  reaction  is  easy  in  response  to 
sight  stimuli.  The  well  known  fact  that  a  straight 
line  of  any  extent  becomes  curved  for  practical  pur- 
poses of  sight  puts  its  limitation  upon  the  size  of 
ranks. 

Long  parallel  lines  converge.  In  architecture,  long 
straight  lines  have  to  be  curved  in  order  to  appear  straight. 
This,  of  course,  is  without  any  practical  importance 
as  far  as  tactic  practice  in  a  gymnasium  is  concerned. 
In  military  tactics  where  one  might  deal  with  regi- 
mental fronts  it  becomes,  however,  a  matter  of  prac- 
tical importance. 

Definition. 

A  rank  is  a  tactic  body  composed  of  two  or  more 
individuals  so  arranged  that  one  and  the  same  axis  of 


each  individual  falls  into  a  straight  line  with  the  cor- 
responding' axis  of  every  other  member  of  the  rank,  all 
members  facing  in  the  same  geographical  direction. 

Varieties  of  Ranks. 

(1)  Front  Rank. 

(2)  Flank   Rank. 

(3)  Left  Oblique  Rank. 

(4)  Right  Oblique  Rank. 

(1)  Front   Rank. 

A  front  rank  consists  of  two  or  more  individuals 
facing  in  the  same  geographical  direction,  so  arranged 
that  one  and  the  same  broad  axis  of  every  member 
falls  into  a  straight  line  with  the  corresponding  board 
axis  of  each  and  every  other  member  of  the  rank. 

The  name  is  given  the  rank  because  in  this  forma- 
tion all  the  fronts  of  the  individuals  are  in  plain  and 
unobstructed  view,  making  this  the  main  character- 
istic of  the  formation. 

Note : — For  tactic  purposes  the  body  is  supposed  to 
have  four  vertical  surfaces,  to  wit;  front,  left,  right, 
rear.  The  front  and  rear,  as  well  as  left  and  right,  are 
parallel.  Front  and  rear  run  at  right  angles  to  left 
and  right.  A  broad  axis  of  the  body  runs  left  to  right, 
parallel  with  front  and  rear.  It  may  traverse  the  body 
at  any  height  and  depth. 

(2)  Flank  Rank. 

The  flank  rank  consists  of  two  or  more  individuals 
all  facing  in  the  same  geographical  direction,  so 
arranged  that  one  and  the  same  deep  axis  of  every 
member  of  the  rank  falls  into  a  straight  line  with  the 
corresponding  deep  axis  of  each  and  every  other  mem- 
ber of  the  rank. 

The  name  is  derived  from  the  fact  that  this  forma- 
tion gives  an  unobstructed  view  of  both  flanks  of  every 
member  of  the  rank,  making  this  the  main  character- 
istic of  the  formation. 


8 


Note : — The  deep  axis  runs  from  front  to  rear,  par- 
allel with  left  and  right.  It  may  traverse  the  body  at 
any  height  or  width. 

(3)  Left  Oblique  Rank. 

The  left  oblique  rank  is  formed  by  two  or  more  indi- 
viduals facing  in  the  same  geographical  direction,  so 
arranged  that  one  and  the  same  left  oblique  axis  of 
every  member  falls  into  a  straight  line  with  the  cor- 
responding left  oblique  axis  of  each  and  every  other 
member  of  the  rank. 

The  name  is  given  as  the  obliquity  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous feature,  all  surfaces  being  equally  visible  and 
equally  much  hidden  from  view. 

Note: — The  left  oblique  axis  runs  diagonally  from 
the  intersection  of  rear  and  right  surfaces  to  the  inter- 
section of  front  and  left  surfaces.  It  may  traverse  the 
body  at  any  height. 

(4)  Right  Oblique  Rank. 

The  right  oblique  rank  is  formed  by  two  or  more 
individuals  facing  in  the  same  geographical  direction 
so  arranged  that  one  and  the  same  right  oblique  axis 
of  every  member  falls  into  a  straight  line  with  the 
corresponding  right  oblique  axis  of  each  and  every 
other  member  of  the  rank. 

Note : — The  right  oblique  axis  runs  diagonally  from 
the  intersection  of  rear  and  left  surfaces  to  the  inter- 
section of  front  and  right  surfaces.  It  may  traverse 
the  body  at  any  height. 


The  Activities  of  the  Ranks. 

Formation    (alignment). 

Dressing. 

Marching. 

Wheeling. 

Angle  Marching. 

Transforming. 

Opening  and  Closing. 


A.  FORMATION 
1.     Forming  the  Front  Rank 

Command  :     Fall  in  ! 

Execution  :  The  commander,  before  giving  this  com- 
mand, stands  in  position,  then  gives  the  command  as 
above.  Thereupon  the  tallest  member  of  the  rank 
to  be  formed  stands  opposite  the  commander,  facing 
him  at  a  distance  of  five  or  six  steps.  The  other 
members  of  the  rank  to  be  formed  arrange  them- 
selves on  the  left  of  the  tallest  member,  according 
to  height,  the  smallest  member  standing  on  the 
extreme  left  of  the  rank,  all  this  so  that  all  the  mem- 
bers of  the  rank  face  the  same  way  as  the  tallest 
member  (i.  e.,  facing  the  commander)  and  so  that 
one  and  the  same  broad  axis  of  each  and  every  mem- 
ber falls  into  a  straight  line  with  the  corresponding 
broad  axis  of  the  tallest  member  of  the  rank  and 
thereby  of  necessity  into  a  straight  line  with  the 
corresponding  broad  axis  of  each  and  every  other 
member  of  the  rank. 

The  necessity  for  the  existence  of  the  rank  having 
terminated,  the  rank  is  dispersed  by  the  counter- 
Command :      Break  rank   (s) — march! 

Execution  :  At  this  command  the  members  of  the  rank 
are  free  to  go  their  own  way. 

Note: — The  rank  may  consist  of  no  less  than  two 
and  of  any  greater  number  of  members.  The  ar- 
rangement of  the  rank  according  to  height  must,  of 
course,  be  made  before  the  same  can  fall  in,  in  the 
above  manner.  The  methods  by  which  this  is  done 
are  many.  A  convenient  one  to  arrange  a  large 
class  in  comparatively  short  time  is  as  follows.  The 
class  is  on  a  gymnasium  floor  in  disorder.  The 
teacher,  having  asked  the  pupils  to  stand  with  their 
backs  toward  the  wall,  starts  at  any  convenient 
place  in  the  room  to  divide  off  the  class  in  sections 
of  ten  or  twelve.  He  himself  does  the  counting,  and 


10 


as  he  counts  the  number  one  of  each  section  he 
announces  him  to  be  leader  of  section  one  ;  leader  of 
section  two,  etc.  The  pupils  are  now  made  to  face 
right  or  left,  but  so  that  they  all  face  in  the  direction 
of  the  first  leader  and  section,  and  then  the  sections 
march  forward  in  angle  march  fashion  around  the 
room  and  by  angle  marching  left  or  right  as  the  sev- 
eral sections  come  up  one  after  the  other  to  a  com- 
mon center,  the  sections  are  in  flank  rank  formation, 
all  facing  the  common  center,  forming  thereby  a 
star  of  as  many  rays  as  there  are  sections.  In  the 
center  of  this  star  the  teacher  stands.  The  teacher 
now  asks  each  section  to  arrange  itself  quickly  so 
that  the  tallest  member  of  the  section  be  the  nearest 
to  the  center  of  the  star,  the  others  according  to 
height  behind  him,  so  that  the  smallest  are  on  the 
very  outside  of  the  ray  and  star.  The  commander 
has  now  in  the  inner  part  of  the  star  all  the  tallest 
members  of  the  class.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to 
pick  the  tallest  one  from  these  and  have  him  march 
off,  the  others  being  picked  out  according  to  height, 
one  after  the  other,  following  the  tallest  one  in  flank 
formation  around  the  room.  We  have  then  a  large 
flank  rank  led  by  the  tallest  member  of  the  class, 
the  smallest  bringing  up  the  rear.  This  rank  is 
faced  left,  the  pupils  asked  to  acquaint  themselves 
with  their  neighbors  on  the  left  and  right,  so  as 
to  enable  them  to  find  one  another.  This  might  as 
well  be  made  the  occasion  to  go  through  the  form- 
alities of  an  introduction  and  thus  give  a  chance 
to  teach  manners.  The  "falling  in"  in  front  rank 
formation  is  next  explained.  The  informally-formed 
front  rank  is  dispersed  by  the  command:  Break 
rank — march !  and  practice  in  "falling  in"  by  a  com- 
mand in  above  fashion  is  next  given.  In  order  that 
the  pupils  be  independent  of  surroundings  it  is  well 
that  the  commander  change  his  position  in  the  gym- 
nasium, making  the  rank  fall  in  at  any  place  he 
chooses.  With  beginners  it  is  better  to  have  the 
commander  stand  so  that  when  his  rank  falls  in,  its 


1! 


broad  axis  should  run  parallel  with  one  of  the  walls. 
Later  he  may  vary  his  position  so  as  to  bring  the 
rank  at  varying  angles  to  the  walls. 

This  method  taught  indoors  a  few  times  makes  it 
possible  to  have  any  rank  fall  in  outdoors  and  on 
any  piece  of  ground,  no  matter  what  its  shape  or 
condition. 

II.     Forming  the  Flank  Rank 

The  flank  rank  is  formed  out  of  the  front  rank, 
which  has  been  previously  formed  in  the  above  fash- 
ion, by  having  the  individuals  face  right  or  left. 

III.  Forming  the  Left  Oblique  Rank 

The  left  oblique  rank  is  formed  out  of  a  front 
rank  previously  formed  in  the  fashion  given  by  a 
half  face  left  of  the  individuals  composing  the  rank. 

IV.  Forming  the  Right  Oblique  Rank 

The  right  oblique  rank  is  formed  out  of  a  front 
rank  previously  formed  in  the  usual  way  by  a  half 
face  right  of  the  individuals  composing  the  rank. 

B.    DRESSING 

Purpose:  To  establish  the  surface  and  distance  rela- 
tions of  the  members  of  a  rank  with  such  exactness 
as  to  enable  the  rank  to  move  as  one  body. 

Preliminary:  No  accurate  tactic  movement  is  pos- 
sible unless  the  members  of  the  rank  stand  in  proper 
position.  The  command,  "Fall  in"  is  then  followed 
by  the 

Command  :     In  position — stand  ! 

Execution  :  At  this  command  the  individuals  stand  in 
erect  position  thus  :  the  heels  closed  ;  the  front  of 
the  feet  form  an  angle  of  45  to  60  degrees  ;  the  knees 
well  straightened  in  touch  one  with  the  other  if  pos- 
sible ;  the  hips  well  extended  ;  the  trunk  well  erect 
on  the  hips  ;  the  arms  hanging  with  elbows  bent  nat- 


12 


urally  at  the  side  ;  the  fingers  closed  ;  the  thumb  rest- 
ing against  the  middle  anteroposteriorly  of  the  lat- 
eral surface  of  the  thigh ;  the  head  carried  erect ; 
eyes  directed  forward.  The  simplest  way  of  accom- 
plishing all  that  is  desirable  in  the  matter  of  good 
standing  position  is  the  advice  to  "be  tall."  This 
accomplishes  everything  except  perhaps  the  posi- 
tion of  the  arms  which  in  Tactics  of  the  Individual 
is  unimportant. 

The    necessity    for    standing    in    position    having 
passed,  the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     In  place — rest ! 

Execution :  To  be  sure  that  the  pupil  may  really  rest 
he  may  assume  any  standing  attitude  which  suits 
his  convenience  and  his  demand  for  rest.  The  con- 
dition that  he  rest  "in  place"  makes  it  necessary  that 
one  of  the  feet,  left  or  right  as  he  prefers,  should 
stay  immovably  in  place. 

1.     Dressing  the  Front  Rank 

Command:     Right  (left) — dress! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  right  (left)  leader 
stands  immovable.  The  members  of  the  rank  on 
his  left  (right)  turn  their  heads  to  the  right  (left), 
and  move  with  short  steps  forward  or  backward  till 
they  find  themselves  in  straight  line,  with  short 
steps  left  or  right  till  they  find  themselves  at  proper 
distance. 

Note  1  : — The  criterion  of  being  in  a  straight  line 
is  had  in  the  fact  that  one  can  have  an  unobstructed 
view  of  the  face  of  only  one's  very  next  neighbor. 
The  faces  of  the  neighbors  further  removed  on  that 
side  to  which  the  dressing  is  directed  are  either 
totally  invisible  or  only  the  mere  outline  of  the  side 
of  the  face  is  visible.  The  front  of  the  face  of  the 
guide  on  the  side  to  which  the  dressing  is  directed, 
on  the  other  hand,  is  fairly  visible  en  profile. 


13 

Note  2: — In  the  dressed  front  rank  no  distance 
intervenes  between  the  members  of  the  rank,  but 
they  are  in  touch  by  means  of  the  fore-arm.  As  soon 
as  the  merest  sensation  of  touch  with  a  neighbor  by 
this  part  is  experienced  the  proper  distance  relation 
is  established.  Touch  is  sought  with  only  that  fore- 
arm which  is  on  the  side  toward  which  the  dressing 
is  directed. 

The  dressing  of  the  rank  having  proceeded  to  the 
exactness  desired  by  the  commander,  he  gives  the 
counter- 
Command  :     Front ! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  heads  of  all  the 
members  of  the  rank  previously  turned  to  right 
(left)  are  now  turned  forward. 

II.     Dressing  the  Flank  Rank 

Command  :     Front — Dress  ! 

Execution:  The  front  member  of  the  rank  stands 
immovable.  The  members  of  the  rank  in  his  rear 
look  directly  forward,  moving  with  short  steps  left 
and  right,  till  they  find  themselves  in  a  straight  line, 
with  short  steps  forward  or  backward  till  they  find 
themselves  at  proper  distance. 

Note  1 : — The  criterion  of  being  in  a  straight  line 
is  had  in  the  fact  that  one  can  have  an  unobstructed 
view  of  the  rear  of  the  head  of  only  one's  next 
neighbor. 

Note  2: — The  proper  distance  between  individuals 
in  a  flank  rank  is  the  difference  between  the  greatest 
broad  and  greatest  deep  extent  of  the  individual.  In 
the  case  of  the  average  person  unarmed  this 
amounts  to  a  distance  of  six  to  ten  inches.  It  is  my 
custom  not  to  give  any  arbitrary  measure  in  inches 
or  in  arm's  length  but  to  have  the  pupil  learn  to 
judge  this  difference  by  repeatedly  experiencing 
this  distance  relation  when  the  rank  is  changed 


14 

from  a  front  to  a  flank  rank,  and  vice  versa.  It  is 
observed  that  in  pretty  stout  people  the  greatest 
deep  extent  may  be  greater  than  the  broad.  It  is 
likewise  true  that  the  greatest  deep  extent  of  a  per- 
son "carrying  arms"  is  different  from  the  greatest 
deep  extent  of  the  same  person  with  "right  shoulder 
arms."  As  in  gymnastics  and  especially  in  gymnas- 
tic tactics  the  pupils  are  usually  unarmed,  or  if 
armed  with  wand  or  sabre  or  foil  they  are  usually, 
in  the  position  of  carrying  arms,  the  above  rule  may 
be  allowed  to  stand. 

Gymnastic  practice  will  usually  maintain  the 
proper  relation  of  deep  to  broad  extent,  and  if  it 
should  have  been  unfortunately  lost,  gymnastic 
practice  certainly  can  and  will  restore  it.  Where- 
fore the  above  rule  may  once  more  be  allowed  to 
stand. 

The  dressing  of  the  flank  rank  having  proceeded 
to  the  exactness  desired  by  the  commander,  we  find 
ourselves  at  a  loss  for  a  counter  command  to  signify 
the  end  of  the  movement.  This  brings  to  our  notice 
the  imperfections  of  the  flank  rank  as  a  rank.  Its 
dressing  is  imperfect  because  the  members  do  not 
feel  as  one.  Not  being  united  by  touch,  they  do  not 
judge  of  their  proper  relation  except  by  the  view  of 
one  member  of  the  rank.  They  can  not  be  guided 
by  the  leader  because  he  is  obscured  from  their 
view.  All  this  will  make  the  movements  of  the  flank 
rank  much  more  difficult  than  those  of  the  front 
rank  if  they  are  to  be  executed  with  any  degree  of 
exactness.  While,  therefore,  we  shall  find  in  our 
practice  the  flank  rank  much  in  use  we  must  be 
aware  that  it  is  a  most  imperfect  and  unsatisfactory 
rank  to  work  from  a  tactic  standpoint. 

III.     Dressing  the  Left  Oblique  Rank 

Command:     Left — dress! 

Execution :     The   left  leader   stands   immovable.     All 
the   members   of   the   rank   on   his   right   turn    their 


'5 

heads  to  the  left,  and  with  short  steps  forward  and 
backward,  get  themselves  into  a  straight  line  rela- 
tion, with  short  steps  left  and  right,  .sight  them- 
selves into  proper  distance  relation. 

Note  1 : — The  criterion  of  straight  line  relation  is 
had  in  the  fact  that  all  members  of  the  rank  except 
the  one  next  to  the  left  leader  can  see  only  the  right 
side  of  the  head  of  the  next  adjoining  left  neighbor. 
The  head  of  the  neighbor  on  the  left  further  removed 
is  either  invisible  or  a  mere  outline.  The  front  of 
the  face  of  the  leader,  on  the  other  hand,  is  visible 
en  profile. 

Note  2: — Proper  distance  between  members  of  an 
oblique  rank  is  equal  to  the  difference  between  the 
greatest  broad  and  the  greatest  left  oblique  extent. 

The  dressing  of  the  rank  having  proceeded  to  the 
exactness  desired  by  the  commander  he  gives  the 
counter- 
Command  :     Front ! 

Execution  :  At  this  command  the  heads  of  all  mem- 
bers whose  heads  were,  under  the  former  command, 
turned  to  the  left  revert  to  the  front. 

IV.     Dressing  the  right  Oblique  Rank 

Command  :     Right — Dress  ! 

Execution :  The  right  leader  stands  immovable.  All 
the  members  of  the  rank  on  his  left  turn  their  heads 
to  the  right  and  with  short  steps  forward  and  back- 
ward, sight  themselves  into  a  straight  line  relation, 
with  short  steps  right  and  left  sight  themselves  into 
proper  distance  relation. 

Note  1 : — The  criterion  of  straight  line  relation  is 
had  in  the  fact  that  all  members  of  the  rank  except 
the  one  next  to  the  right  leader  can  see  only  the  left 
side  of  the  head  of  the  next  adjoining  right  neighbor. 
The  head  of  the  neighbor  on  the  right  further  re- 
moved is  either  invisible  or  a  mere  outline.  The 


16 

front  of  the  face  of  the  leader,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
visible  en  profile. 

Note  2: — Proper  distance  between  members  of  an 
oblique  rank  is  equal  to  the  difference  between  the 
greatest  broad  and  greatest  right  oblique  extent. 

The  dressing  of  the  rank  having  proceeded  to  the 
exactness  ^desired  by  the  commander,  he  gives  the 
counter- 
Command  :     Front ! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  heads  of  all  mem- 
bers whose  heads  were,  under  the  former  command, 
turned  to  the  right,  revert  to  the  front. 

C.    MARCHING 

The  purpose  of  marching  of  the  rank  is  to  change 
the  distance  relation  of  the  rank  to  its  surroundings. 
'As  this  is  the  only  purpose  it  follows  that  the  surface 
relations  of  the  rank  to  its  surroundings  remain  un- 
changed and  that  the  nature  of  the  rank  (front, 
flank,  oblique)  stays  unchanged,  as  does  likewise  its 
internal  arrangement  (i.  e.,  the  member  of  the  rank 
standing  first,  last,  right  or  left  keeps  his  respective 
place  in  the- rank). 

I.    The  Front  Rank  Marches 

Preliminary:  No  rank  must  be  ordered  to  march 
unless  it  has  previously  been  dressed.  No  rank  can 
be  dressed  unless  its  members  stand  in  position. 
(See  preliminary  under  dressing.) 

1.     The  front  Rank  Marches  Forward. 
Command  :     Forward — march  ! 

Execution :  Immediately  following  the  command  the 
rank  marches  forward,  keeping  up  its  dressing  to 
the  right  with  this  modification  that  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  turn  the  head  right,  as  turning  of  the  eyes 
will  suffice  to  keep  the  rank  straight.  The'  right 


I? 

guide  sets  the  time  and  the  step  for  the  rest  to 
follow.  This  imposes  upon  the  right  guide  the 
setting  of  such  time  and  step  as  the  members  of  his 
rank  can  follow.  The  right  guide  also  is  responsible 
for  having  the  rank  march  forward  in  a  straight 
line.  In  order  to  accomplish  this  he  puts  himself  in 
straight  line  relation  with  a  series  of  points  in  front 
of  him  lying  in  a  straight  line. 

The  criterion  of  their  being  in  a  straight  line  is 
found  in  the  fact  that  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
guide  only  the  point  nearest  to  him  is  visible  while 
this  point  covers  those  lying  farther  away.  As  the 
march  proceeds  and  the  guide  comes  upon  this  next 
point  it  will  become  necessary  that  he  project  his 
straight  line  farther  into  space  by  picking  up  suc- 
cessively points  lying  farther  away  and  in  the  same 
straight  line,  using  the  above  criterion  for  their 
being  in  a  straight  line. 

The  rank  having  arrived  at  the  place  intended  by 
the  commander,  he  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution :  The  rank  comes  to  a  halt  in  the  manner 
prescribed  for  the  halting  of  the  individual  (See  Tac- 
tics of  the  Individual),  perfecting  its  dressing  to  the 
right  and  then  turns  head  and  eyes  forward  without 
command. 

2.     The  Front  Rank  Marches  Sideward. 

a.     True  inarching  left. 
Command:     Left — march! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  rank  begins  to 
march  sideward  left  in  the  manner  described  in 
"Tactics  of  the  Individual."  The  members  of  the 
rank  keep  the  rank  coherent  by  keeping  touch  to  the 
right.  They  keep  the  rank  straight  by  sighting  left. 
This  sighting  may  be  done  by  simply  turning  the 
eyes  to  the  left.  If  this  be  insufficient  the  head  may 
be  turned  left.  The  guide  on  the  left  sets  the  step 


i8 

and  time.  He  is  also  responsible  for  marching  the 
rank  in  a  straight  line  to  the  left.  For  this  purpose 
he  lays  out  a  straight  course  for  himself  lying  to 
the  left  of  him,  using  the  same  scheme  as  outlined 
under  "Forward — march!"  To  keep  the  rank  coher- 
ent the  left  guide  must  be  particular  not  to  take 
steps  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  rank  can  follow. 
He  must  remember  that  the  size  of  the  step  in  a 
front  rank  marching  sideward  is  limited  to  the 
space  intervening  between  the  feet  of  members  in 
the  rank.  Till  he  learns  by  experience  the  size  of 
this  step  he  must  hold  himself  down  to  the  proper 
size  of  step  by  scrupulously  keeping  touch  to  the 
right. 

The   rank   having  arrived   at   its   destination,   the 
commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  rank  comes  to  halt 
in  the  manner  prescribed  for  the  halting  of  the  indi- 
vidual from  true  marching  sideward  left.  (See  Tac- 
tics of  the  Individual.) 

As  soon  as  the  rank  comes  to  a  halt  it  dresses  to 
the  right  by  sight  and  touch,  as  prescribed  in  the 
former  chapter  on  dressing  of  the  front  rank,  and 
then  heads  are  turned  forward  without  command. 

b.     True  marching  right. 
Command  :     Right — inarch  ! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  rank  marches  to 
the  right  with  true  marching,  beginning  with  left 
foot.  It  follows  altogether  the  manner  of  marching 
to  the  left  except  that  sight  is  directed  right,  touch 
left.  It  comes  to  a  halt  in  the  manner  indicated 
above. 

c.     Follow  step  left. 

Command  :     Follow  step  left — march  ! 

Execution :  At  the  preparatory  command  the  mem- 
bers of  the  dressed  front  rank  close  their  feet. 


19 

At  the  command  "march!"  they  march  left  with 
follow  step,  placing  the  left  foot  so  far  sideward 
that  it  touches  with  its  outer  edge  the  outer  edge  of 
the  right  foot  of  the  neighbor  on  the  left.  The  right 
foot  is  closed  to  the  left,  inner  edge  to  inner  edge, 
and  thus  the  march  proceeds.  Touch  is  kept  to  the 
right,  sight  is  directed  left  by  all  members  of  the 
rank,  they  keeping  themselves  in  a  straight  line  with 
the  one  on  the  extreme  left  by  the  usual  method. 
The  one  on  the  extreme  left  turns  the  head  left  and 
marches  to  the  left  in  a  straight  line  by  the  method 
indicated  above. 

The  member  on  the  left  sets  the  time  of  the  march 
but  not  the  size  of  the  step,  the  size  of  the  step  in 
the  case  of  the  front  rank  marching  sideward  with 
follow  step  being  fixed  by  the  distance  between  the 
left  and  right  foot  of  neighbors.  The  leader  must 
not  exceed  the  size  of  this  step  else  the  rank  will  be 
torn  apart.  As  the  leader  keeps  his  touch  towards 
the  rank  he  will  thereby  automatically  restrict  his 
step  to  the  proper  size. 

The   rank   having  arrived   at    its    destination,    the 
commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution:  At  this  command  the  members  of  the 
rank  halt  in  the  manner  prescribed  for  the  halting 
of  the  individual  from  marching  left  with  follow 
step.  As  the  heels  are  closed  the  feet  are  opened  to 
the  usual  angle  (i.  e.,  60  degrees)  ;  the  rank  dresses 
to  the  right  by  sight  and  touch,  and  heads  are  then 
turned  forward  without  command. 

d.     Follow  step  right. 

Command:     Follow  step  right — march! 

Execution :  The  execution  corresponds  altogether  to 
the  one  described  for  marching  left  with  follow  step, 
except  that  one  starts  the  follow  stepping  with  the 
right  foot,  and  that  touch  is  directed  left,  sight  right. 
Halting  is  altogether  as  above  given. 


20 


3.     The  Front  Rank  Marches  Backward. 
Command :     Backward — march ! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  members  of  the 
rank  march  backward,  beginning  the  march  with 
the  left  foot ;  touch  and  sight  are  directed  to  the 
right.  The  sight  is  had  by  turning  the  eyes  if  that 
be  sufficient,  by  turning  the  head  if  necessary.  The 
member  on  the  right  of  the  rank  looks  straight 
forward  and  marches  backward  in  a  straight  line, 
the  criterion  being  that  he  is  the  third  of  a  series 
of  points  lying  in  a  straight  line,  of  which  points 
only  the  one  nearest  to  him  is  in  full  view.  As  he 
loses  sight  of  the  others  he  picks  up  in  succession 
points  conforming  to  this  rule.  He  sets  the  time 
and  step  for  the  rest  of  the  rank. 

The  rank  having  arrived  at  its   destination,  the 
commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  members  of  the 
rank  halt  in  the  manner  prescribed  under  tactics  of 
the  individual  for  the  halting  from  marching  back- 
ward. The  dressing  of  the  rank  after  halting  is  to 
the  right,  that  is  to  say,  both  touch  and  sight  are 
right.  Heads  are  then  turned  forward  without  com- 
mand. 

II.     The  Flank  Rank  Marches 

1.     The  Flank  Rank  Marches  Forward. 
Command :     Forward — march  ! 

Execution :  At  this  command  the  members  of  the 
rank  march  forward,  the  rank  during  its  march 
dressing  forward  in  the  manner  prescribed  for  the 
forward  dressing  of  the  flank  rank.  The  front 
member  of  the  rank  marches  forward  in  a  straight 
line,  using  the  method  outlined  under  the  marching 
of  the  front  rank.  He  sets  the  time  of  the  march. 


21 

The  size  of  the  step,  however,  is  fixed  for  him,  being 
determined  by  the  interval  between  the  members 
of  the  rank!  The  leader  then  must  restrict  himself 
to  steps  of  that  size.  The  members  of  the  rank 
must  of  course  take  steps  that  equal  the  steps  of 
the  leader,  that  is  to  say,  will  likewise  equal  the 
interval  between  the  members  of  the  rank.  In  order 
to  accomplish  this  they  must  step  in  the  tracks  of 
the  one  in  front,  that  is  to  say,  when  stepping  out 
with  the  left  foot,  the  left  foot  must  be  placed  along 
side  of  the  right  foot  of  the  member  in  front,  and 
not  with  its  toe  up  to  the  heel  of  it. 

The  rank  having  arrived  at   its   destination,  one 
gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution:  At  this  command  the  members  of  the 
rank  halt  in  prescribed  manner.  The  dressing  of 
the  rank  after  the  halt  is  to  the  front. 

2.     The  Flank  Rank   Marches  Sideward. 

a.     True  marching  left. 
Command  :     Left — march  ! 

Execution :  The  front  member  of  the  rank  turns  the 
head  left  and  marches  to  the  left  in  a  straight  line, 
using  the  criterion  above  mentioned.  The  other 
members  of  the  rank  dress  to  the  front,  keeping 
proper  distance  and  in  a  straight  line  by  the  methods 
mentioned  before.  The  rank  having  arrived  at  its 
destination,  the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution:  The  members  of  the  rank  halt  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  the  tactics  of  the  individual 
for  true  marching  sideward.  The  front  member  of 
the  rank  turns  the  head  to  the  front,  the  others 
retain  their  dressing  to  the  front. 


22 

b.     True  marching  right. 
Command :     Right — march  ! 

Execution :     The  front  member  turns  the  head  to  the 
right    and    marches    with    true    marching    sideward 
(beginning  with  the  left  foot)  in  a  straight  line  to 
the  right,  using  the  usual  criterion  for  marching  in 
a  straight  line.  The  other  members  of  the  rank  dress 
to  the  front,  while  marching  right.     When  the  rank 
arrives  at  its  destination  the  commander  gives  the 
counter- 
Command:     Halt! 
Execution :     Corresponds  to  that  given  above. 

c.     Follow  step  left. 
Command  :     Follow  step  left — march  ! 

Execution  :  The  front  member  turns  the  head  left  and 
marches  with  follow  step  to  the  left  in  a  straight 
line.  The  rest  of  the  members  of  the  rank  by  dress- 
ing forward  keep  themselves  at  proper  distance  and 
in  a  straight  line  while  marching  left  with  follow 
step.  Criterion  and  methods  as  before  given.  There 
is  of  course  no  necessity  in  the  flank  rank  for  closing 
the  feet  when  follow  stepping.  The  rank  having 
arrived  at  its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the 
counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution :  The  front  member  of  the  rank  turns  the 
head  to  the  front  while  he  and  the  rest  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  rank  halt  in  prescribed  manner.  The 
dressing  of  the  rank  remains  to  the  front. 

d.     Follow  step  right. 
Command  :     Follow  step  right — inarch  ! 

Execution  :  The  front  member  turns  the  head  right, 
otherwise  the  execution  corresponds  to  the  one  given 


23 

for  follow  stepping-  left.     When  the  rank  is  to  halt 

the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 
Execution  :     As  above  given. 

3.     The  Flank  Rank  Marches  Backward. 
Command  :     Backward — march  ! 

Execution :  The  front  member,  looking  straight  for- 
ward marches  backward  in  a  straight  line,  according 
to  the  method  prescribed  before.  He  sets  the  time 
and  step  for  the  rest  of  the  rank.  The  rest  of  the 
members  dress  forward  and  keep  themselves  at 
proper  distance  and  in  a  straight  line  while  march- 
ing backward.  For  the  latter  the  usual  criterion  is 
made  use  of.  In  order  to  keep  the  members  of  the 
rank  at  proper  distance  it  is  necessary  that  each 
member  should  step  backward  into  the  tracks  of  the 
one  in  rear  of  him.  As  the  length  of  the  step  is  then 
limited  to  the  distance  from  one  member  of  the  rank 
to  another  it  is  the  duty  of  the  front  member  to  limit 
his  step  to  this  standard  if  his  rank  is  to  keep  well 
dressed.  The  rank  having  arrived  at  its  destination, 
the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 
Execution :  The  members  halt  according  to  the  rules 

laid  down  for  the  halting  of  the  individual  from 
backward  marching.  The  dressing  in  the  rank  re- 
mains to  the  front. 

III.     The  Left  Oblique  Rank  Marches 

1.     The  Left  Oblique  Rank  Marches  Forward. 
Command :     Forward— march  ! 

Execution:     The    member    on    the    left    of    the    rank 
marches   straight   forward  according  to   the   usual 


24 

method,  the  other  members  of  the  rank,  by  sight 
left,  keep  themselves  in  straight  line  and  at  proper 
distance. 

'  The  sighting  is  accomplished  by  turning  the  eyes 
left  as  long  as  this  is  sufficient,  by  turning  the  head 
left  whenever  necessary.  The  member  on  the  left  of 
the  rank  sets  the  time  and  step.  The  rank  arriving 
at  its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution :  The  halt  is  effected  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed for  forward  marching  of  the  individual.  If 
the  heads  have  been  turned  left  they  are  now  turned 
to  the  front. 

2.     The  Left  Oblique  Rank  Marches  Sideward. 

a.  True   marching  left. 
Command:     Left — march! 

Execution  :  As  the  members  of  the  rank  begin  their 
march  to  the  left  the  one  on  the  extreme  left  of  the 
rank  turns  his  head  left  and  marches  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  left,  according  to  the  methods  before 
given.  He  sets  time  and  step  for  the  rank.  The  other 
members  dress  to  the  left  by  sighting  left,  turning 
eyes  or  head  as  necessity  requires,  and  keeping 
themselves  at  proper  distance  and  in  a  straight  line 
by  the  usual  methods.  The  rank  having  arrived  at 
its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution :  Halting  is  done  in  the  method  prescribed 
for  halting  from  marching  left  with  true  marching. 
The  head  of  the  left  guide  is  turned  to  the  front,  the 
other  members  turn  eyes  or  head  to  the  front,  as  the 
case  may  be. 

b.  True  marching  right. 
Command  :     Right — march ! 

Execution :  As  the  members  of  the  rank  begin  to 
march  to  the  right  with  true  steps,  the  member  on 


25 

the  left  turns  his  head  right  and  marches  to  the  right 
in  a  straight  line,  using  the  usual  criterion  and 
method.  The  members  of  the  rank  on  his  right  dress 
the  rank  to  the  left  by  sighting  left,  which  will 
necessitate  their  turning  the  head  left. 
NOTE  :  •  The  rank  marches  to  the  right,  the  leader  respon- 
sible for  the  march  both  as  to  its  safety  and  its  straight 
line  progression  is  on  the  left,  his  view  obstructed  by 
the  members  of  the  rank  on  the  right.  For  all  practical 
purposes  an  oblique  rank  can  with  safety  and  in  tactic 
order  only  march  in  the  direction  of  its  obliquity. 

The  rank  having  arrived  at   its  destination,   the 
commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution :  As  the  rank  halts  in  the  usual  manner  the 
heads  of  all  members  are  turned  to  the  front. 

c.     Follow  step  left. 
Command  :     Follow  step  left — march  ! 

Execution :  The  member  on  the  left  turns  his  head 
left  and  marches  to  the  left  in  a  straight  line.  He 
sets  time  and  step  for  the  rank.  The  other  members 
keep  themselves  in  a  straight  line  and  at  proper  dis- 
tance by  sighting  left.  The  rank  having  arrived  at 
its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution :  The  halting  is  accomplished  in  the  pre- 
scribed manner,  the  heads  being  turned  to  the  front. 

d.     Follow  step  right. 
Command  :     Follow  step  right — march  ! 

Execution :  The  member  on  the  left  turns  the  head 
right  and  marches  to  the  right  in  a  straight  line  by 
the  usual  method.  The  other  members  of  the  rank 
turning  their  heads  left,  sight  themselves  into 
straight  line  and  proper  distance  relation  by  the 
usual  methods.  (See  Note  III  2-b).  The  rank  having 


26 


arrived   at   its   destination,   the   commander    gives   the 
counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution :  As  the  halt  is  accomplished  in  the  usual 
manner,  the  heads  are  turned  to  the  front. 

3.     The  Left  Oblique  Rank  Marches  Backward. 
Command  :     Backward — march  ! 

Execution :  The  left  member  of  the  rank  looks 
straight  forward  and  marches  backward  in  a 
straight  line  by  the  usual  method,  setting  time  and 
step.  The  other  members  of  the  rank  keep  them- 
selves in  straight  line  and  proper  distance  relation 
by  turning  the  head  left.  The  rank  having  arrived 
at  its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution:  The  halt  is  accomplished  in  the  same 
manner ;  the  heads  are  turned  to  the  front. 

IV.     The  Right  Oblique  Rank  Marches 

1.     The  Right  Oblique  Rank  Marches  Forward. 
Command  :     Forward — march  ! 

Execution:  The  member  on  the  right  of  the  rank 
marches  straight  forward  according  to  the  usual 
methods,  the  other  members  of  the  rank  by  sight 
right  keep  themselves  in  straight  line  and  at  proper 
distance.  The  sighting  is  accomplished  by  turning 
the  eyes  right  as  long  as  is  sufficient,  by  turning  the 
head  whenever  necessary.  The  member  on  the  right 
of  the  rank  sets  the  time  and  step.  The  rank  arrived 
at  its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution  :  The  halt  is  effected  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed for  forward  marching  of  the  individual.  If 
the  heads  have  been  turned  right  they  are  now 
turned  to  the  front. 


27 

2.     The  Right  Oblique  Rank  Marches  Sideward. 

a.  True  marching  right. 
Command  :     Right — march  ! 

Execution :  As  the  members  of  the  rank  begin  their 
march  to  the  right  the  one  on  the  extreme  right  of 
the  rank  turns  his  head  right  and  marches  in  a 
straight  line  to  the  right,  according  to  the  methods 
before  given.  He  sets  time  and  step  for  the  rank. 
The  other  members  dress  to  the  right  by  sighting 
right,  turning  eyes  or  head  as  necessity  requires,  and 
keeping  themselves  at  proper  distance  and  in  a 
straight  line  by  the  usual  methods.  The  rank  hav- 
ing arrived  at  its  destination,  the  commander  gives 
the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution :  Halting  is  done  in  the  method  prescribed 
for  halting  from  marching  right  with  true  marching. 
The  head  of  the  right  guide  is  turned  to  the  front, 
the  other  members  turn  eyes  or  head  to  the  front, 
as  the  case  may  be. 

b.  True  marching  left. 
Command  :     Left — march  ! 

Execution :  As  the  members  of  the  rank  begin  to 
march  to  the  left  with  true  steps  the  member  on  the 
right  turns  his  head  left  and  marches  to  the  left  in  a 
straight  line,  using  the  usual  criterion  and  method. 
The  members  of  the  rank  on  his  left  dress  the  rank 
to  the  right  by  sighting  right,  which  will  necessi- 
tate their  turning  the  head  right.  (See  Note  III  2-6). 
The  rank  having  arrived  at  its  destination,  the  com- 
mander gives  the  counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution :  As  the  rank  halts  in  the  usual  manner, 
the  heads  of  all  members  are  turned  to  the  front. 


28 

c.     Follow  step  right. 
Command:     Follow   step  right — march! 

Execution:  The  member  on  the  right  turns  his  head 
right  and  marches  to  the  right  in  a  straight  line. 
He  sets  time  and  step  for  the  rank.  The  other  mem- 
bers keep  themselves  in  a  straight  line  and  at 
proper  distance  by  sighting  right.  The  rank  having 
arrived  at  its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the 
counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution :  The  halting  is  accomplished  in  the  pre- 
scribed manner,  the  heads  being  turned  to  the  front. 

d.     Follow  step  left. 
Command:     Follow  step  left— rmarch  ! 

Execution :  The  member  on  the  right  turns  the  head 
left  and  marches  to  the  left  in  a  straight  line  by  the 
usual  method.  The  other  members  of  the  rank, 
turning  their  heads  right,  sight  themselves  into 
straight  line  and  proper  distance  relation  by  the 
usual  methods.  (See  Note  III  2-6).  The  rank  having 
arrived  at  its  destination,  the  commander  gives  the 
counter- 
Command  :  Halt ! 

Execution:  As  the  halt  is  accomplished  in  the  usual 
manner,  the  heads  are  turned  to  the  front. 

3.     The  Right  Oblique  Rank  Marches  Backward. 
Command :     Backward — march ! 

Execution :  The  right  member  of  the  rank  looks 
straight  forward  and  marches  backward  in  a  straight 
line  by  the  usual  method,  setting  time  and  step.  The 
other  members  of  the  rank  keep  themselves  in 
straight  line  and  proper  distance  relation  by  turn- 
ing the  head  right. 


29 

The  rank  having  arrived  at  its  destination,  the 
commander  gives  the  counter- 
Command  :     Halt ! 

Execution:  As  halting  is  accomplished  in  the  same 
manner,  the  heads  are  turned  to  the  front. 

D.    WHEELING 

Purpose:  Wheeling  changes  the  surface  relations  of 
the  rank  to  its  surroundings  without  changing  the 
nature  or  arrangement  of  the  rank  and  without 
changing  the  distance  relations  of  the  rank  to  its 
surroundings.  It  transposes  the  rank.  Wheeling 
holds  the  same  relation  to  the  tactics  of  the  rank  as 
facing  does  to  the  tactics  of  the  individual.  It  is  the 
facing  of  an  individual  extended  to  the  left  or  right 
along  its  broad  axis,  forward  or  backward  along  its 
deep  axis. 

Directions:  As  facing  is  done  left  and  right,  so  wheel- 
ing is  done  left  and  right. 

Degrees:  The  type  of  wheeling  is  the  quarter  wheel 
corresponding  to  the  quarter  turn  of  facing.  Only 
this  type  and  its  multiples  are  usually  practiced,  so 
we  have  quarter  wheel,  half  wheel,  three-quarters 
wheel  and  entire  wheel. 

The  fixed  point  around  which  a  rank  turns  in 
wheeling  may  lie  without  and  within  the  rank. 
When  lying  within  the  rank  it  may  lie  in  either 
extremity  or  any  point  in  between. 

Touch:  As  in  the  revolution  of  a  body  its  component 
particles  tend  to  motion  in  a  straight  line  (centrifu- 
gal motion)  these  particles  are  kept  together  only  in 
so  far  as  the  power  of  cohesion  is  greater  than  this 
centrifugal  force.  In  the  composite  tactic  body, 
which  we  call  a  rank,  the  same  tendency  makes  it- 
self naturally  felt  when  it  revolves.  In  order  to 
prevent  the  breaking  up  of  the  body  its  component 
particles — in  this  case  the  tactic  individuals — must 


30 

overcome  this  tendency  by  cohesion  to  which  tac- 
tically we  give  the  name  of  touch.  This  touch,  of 
course,  must  be  directed  towards  the  fixed  point, 
the  pivot.  We  formulate,  therefore,  the  rule  that  in 
all  ranks  the  peculiar  formation  of  which  allows  of 
touch  of  the  individuals,  the  individuals  must  keep 
touch  towards  the  fixed  point  (the  pivot),  when  the 
rank  is  wheeling.  It  goes  without  saying  that  the 
pivot  or  fixed  point  does  not  seek  touch  in  any  direc- 
tion. 

Sight:  Though  touch  insures  the  cohesion  of  the 
particles  composing  the  rank  while  wheeling,  it  does 
not  tend  to  keep  the  rank  straight,  and  yet  that  is 
necessary  if  it  is  to  wheel  as  a  body.  In  order  to 
insure  this  rigid  straightness  of  the  wheeling  rank 
we  must  call  on  the  sense  of  sight.  To  be  guided  by 
th's  sense  the  movements  of  the  individuals  by 
which  the  rest  wish  to  be  guided  must  be  sufficiently 
large  to  be  perceptible.  As  sight  must  be  directed 
to  one  or  the  other  extremity  it  is  a  question  the 
movements  of  which  extremity  comply  with  this 
requirement  under  all  circumstances  in  wheeling. 
As  we  shall  see  later  on,  the  number  of  movements 
(steps)  by  which  wheeling  is  accomplished  is  pro- 
portionate to  the  size  of  the  rank,  so  that  a  rank 
of  two,  for  instance,  would  accomplish  this  wheel 
in  two  movements;  a  rank  of  twenty  would  do  the 
same  in  twenty  movements.  The  pivot  in  the  first 
case  would  traverse  a  right  angle  in  two  movements, 
in  the  case  of  the  rank  of  twenty  in  twenty  move- 
ments, that  is  to  say,  at  each  movement  the  pivot 
would  traverse  an  angle  of  four  and  one-half  de- 
grees. To  the  average  person,  however,  an  angle 
of  four  and  one  half  degrees  is  practically  unknown. 
Most  people  know  only  two  angles,  namely,  the 
straight  angle,  180°  because  it  forms  a  straight  line 
and  the  right  angle,  90°.  As  the  linear  velocity  of 
the  pivot  in  addition  to  this  difficulty  is  nil,  the 
members  of  the  rank  can  not  be  guided  by  linear 
movements  of  the  pivot.  They  can,  therefore,  not 


31 

look  to  the  pivot  for  guidance  in  wheeling.  In  the 
case  of  the  wheeling  guide  we  have,  of  course,  the 
same  difficulty  as  far  as  angular  velocity  is  con- 
cerned, for  it  is  no  greater  than  that  of  the  pivot.  How- 
ever, the  linear  velocity  of  the  wheeling  guide  is 
the  greatest  of  any  member  of  the  rank.  It  offers, 
therefore,  differences  in  position  which  can  be  with 
accuracy  perceived,  therefore  we  shall  formulate 
this  rule :  the  wheeling  rank  is  to  be  kept  straight 
by  sight;  sight  is  directed,  wherever  possible,  to  the 
wheeling  guide. 

The  criterion  for  the  rank  being  straight  is  the 
same  as  that  given  in  the  paragraphs  on  dressing. 

Marching:  (number  of  counts).  The  wheel  is  accom- 
plished by  the  several  individuals  marching  on  an 
arc  over  an  angle  of  ninety  degrees.  As  a  matter  of 
course  the  angular  velocity  for  all  the  members  of 
the  rank  is  ninety  degrees.  The  linear  extent  of  the 
arc  which  has  to  be  traversed  by  the  individuals 
differs.  The  pivot  traverses  an  arc  of  ninety  de- 
grees, the  linear  extent  of  which  is  zero.  The  linear 
extent  of  the  arc  is  directly  proportionate  to  the  size 
of  the  side  of  the  angle.  The  side  of  the  angle  for 
any  particular  member  of  the  rank  can  be  measured 
by  the  width  of  the  individuals  that  he  is  removed 
from  the  pivot.  It  might  be  said  that  approximately 
the  linear  extent  of  the  arc  through  which  an  indi- 
vidual in  a  wheeling  rank  travels  is  equal  to  the 
distance,  from  that  member  to  the  pivot.  The  unit 
by  which  this  distance  is  measured  is  the  tactic 
individual.  The  unit  by  which  we  measure  marching 
along  a  line,  however,  is  not  measured  by  individual 
widths,  but  by  steps.  We  must  reduce  these  two 
units  to  commensurability.  We  shall,  therefore, 
make  the  tactic  step  equal  to  the  width  of  the  indi- 
vidual. This  will  make  the  arc  to  be  traversed  in 
wheeling  by  a  given  individual  equal  in  number  of 
steps  to  the  number  of  individuals  he  is  removed 
from  the  pivot.  It  would  then  appear  that  each 
individual  may  traverse  the  arc  in  a  different  num- 


32 

her  of  steps,  doing  which  the  rank  would  be  broken. 
The  condition  of  wheeling  as  one  body  will  make 
it  necessary  that  all  members  of  the  rank  should 
traverse  their  arc  in  accordance  with  the  move- 
ments of  the  wheeling  guide.  He,  being  the  one 
furthest  from  the  pivot,  will  have  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  steps  to  take.  The  others  in  order  to  keep 
themselves  in  straight  line,  must  take  as  many  steps 
as  he  does,  and  since  they  traverse  then  a  smaller 
arc  with  an  equal  number  of  steps,  it  follows  that 
their  steps  are  smaller  the  nearer  they  are  to  the 
pivot.  The  arc  is  then  traversed  in  as  many  move- 
ments as  the  rank  numbers  individuals.  This  makes 
the  angular  velocity  of  all  individuals  at  all  times 
equal.  The  linear  velocity  varies  from  zero  at  the 
pivot  to  the  size  of  a  full  tactic  step  at  the  wheeling 
guide.  It  is  for  the  purpose  of  measuring  accurately 
the  size  of  the  step  that  sight  is  directed  to  the 
wheeling  guide. 

Projection:  We  have  before  seen  that  the  coherence 
of  the  rank  depends  upon  the  pivot  keeping  his  place 
and  enabling  thereby  the  rest  of  the  rank  to  keep 
touch  toward  him.  The  rank  can  not  be  kept  coher- 
ent unless  the  wheeling  guide  progresses  with  move- 
ments which  can  be  followed.  The  wheeling  guide, 
therefore,  sets  the  pace,  the  time  and  the  step  of  the 
march.  In  order  to  do  this  intelligently  he  must 
project  on  the  ground  a  right  angle.  He  looks  down 
the  rank  towards  the  pivot,  from  there  draws  an 
imaginary  line  at  right  angles  to  the  then  position 
of  the  rank,  on  this  line  projects  from  the  pivot  the 
size  of  the  rank,  keeps  this  particular  spot  well  in 
eye  and  inarches  for  it.  He  divides  the  march  then 
into  as  many  movements  as  his  rank  counts  mem- 
bers. As  one  movement  is  necessary  to  close  the 
march  with,  when  we  march  by  true  marching  from 
a  stand,  it  will  be  found  necessary  to  formulate  the 
rule  as  follows :  A  quarter  wheel  is  accomplished 
in  as  many  counts  as  there  are  members  in  the  rank. 
These  counts  are  full  steps  in  follow  stepping,  and 


33 

whenever  the  wheel  is  done  from  in  place  or  from 
place  marching.  In  the  case  of  true  marching  from 
a  stand  to  a  stand  it  will  require  as  many  counts  as  there 
are  members  in  the  rank,  but  there  will  be  one  step  less 
than  this  number,  the  last  count  being  required 
for  closing  to  position. 

Wheeling    being    a    self    limited    movement,    no 
counter  command  is  needed. 

I.     The  Front  Rank  Wheels 

1.     The  Front  Rank  Wheels  Around  the  Synonym 
Extremity. 

a.     Left  around  the  left  one. 
Degrees:     J4,  */2,  ft,  1/1. 
Command:     A  quarter  wheel  left — march! 

Execution:  With  touch  left,  sight  right,  the  mem- 
bers marching  in  circular  manner  forward,  the  wheel 
is  accomplished  according  to  above  given  rules  in  as 
many  counts  as  the  rank  contains  members. 

Command:     A  half  wheel   left — march! 

Execution :  W'ith  touch  and  sight  as  above,  the  move- 
ment is  accomplished  in  twice  as  many  counts  as  the 
rank  contains  members. 

Command  :    A  three-quarters  wheel  left — march  ! 

Execution:  The  movement  is  accomplished  in  three 
times  as  many  counts  as  the  rank  contains  members. 

Command:     A  wheel  left — march! 

Execution :  The  movement  is  accomplished  in  four 
times  as  many  counts  as  the  rank  contains  members. 
Note  : — It  is  good  practice  in  discriminating  and 
in  the  discriminate  use  of  language  to  distinguish 
between  a  half  wheel  and  two  quarter  wheels,  be- 
tween three-quarters  wheel  and  three  quarter 
Wheels.  In  the  case  of  a  half  wheel  180°  of  wheeling 
movement  are  taken  without  a  stop,  in  the  case  of 


34 

two  quarter  wheels  a  stop  is  made  behind  each 
quarter.  A  three-quarters  wheel  is  a  wheeling 
movement  of  270°  without  a  stop  while  three-quar- 
ter wheels  are  a  wheeling  movement  of  270°  with 
.  a  stop  behind  each  90°  degrees. 

b.     Right  around  the  right  one. 
Degrees :     As  above. 
Commands :     As  above,  substituting  right  for  left. 

Execution  :    As  above,  the  touch  being  right,  sight  left. 
2.     The  Front  Rank  Wheels  Around  the  Non- 
Synonym  Extremity. 

a.     Left  around  the  right  one. 
Degrees:      ft,  */2,  ft,  1/1. 

Command :  A  quarter  wheel  left  around  the  right — 
march ! 

Execution :  With  touch  right,  sight  left,  the  quarter 
wheel  is  accomplished  according  to  the  rules  above 
given  by  marching  backward  in  circular  manner  and 
in  as  many  counts  as  there  are  members  in  the  rank. 
The  projecting  activity  of  the  wheeling  guide 
deserves  special  mention;  the  projecting  of  the  right 
angle  having  to  be  done  here  upon  the  two  fixed 
points  occupied  by  the  pivot  and  the  wheeling  guide 
and  the  line  connecting  these  two  points. 

Command :  A  half  wheel  left  around  the  right — 
march ! 

Execution:  As  above,  allowing  twice  as  many  counts 
for  execution. 

Conimand:  Three-quarters  wheel  left  around  the 
right — march ! 

Execution:  As  above,  using  three  times  the  number 
of  counts. 

Command:     A  wheel  left  around  the  right — march! 

Execution:  As  above,  allowing  four  times  the  num- 
ber of  counts. 


35 

b.     Right  around  the  left  one. 

Degrees :     As  above. 

Commands :  As  above,  substituting  right  for  left  and 
left  for  right. 

Execution :  As  above,  the  touch  being  left,  sight 
right. 

3.     The  Front  Rank  Wheels  Around  the  Middle, 
a.     Left  around  the  middle. 

Degrees:     #,#,#,  1/1. 

Command :  A  quarter  wheel  left  around  the  middle — 
march ! 

Execution :  That  part  of  the  rank  being  on  the  right 
of  the  middle  and  including  the  middle  performs  a 
quarter  wheel  left  around  the  left  one,  according  to 
the  rules  laid  down  for  such  a  wheel  above.  That 
part  of  the  rank  situated  on  the  left  of  the  middle 
and  including  it  performs  a  quarter  wheel  left 
around  the  right  one,  according  to  the  rules  before 
given. 

In  determining  the  number  of  counts  necessary 
for  such  a  quarter  wheel,  the  middle  counts  as  one 
individual  towards  each  part  of  the  rank,  even 
though  the  middle  be  a  point  and  not  a  person  at  all. 
To  illustrate :  in  a  rank  of  two  wheeling  around  the 
middle  we  allow  two  counts  for  the  quarter  wheel, 
the  middle  counting  as  one,  there  being  one  addi- 
tional individual  making  two.  In  the  rank  of  three 
the  middle  is  an  individual  besides  which  the  rank 
contains  one  more,  making  again  a  rank  of  two,  and 
the  quarter  wheel  is  accomplished  in  two  counts. 
The  rank  of  four  and  five  would  then  necessitate 
three  counts  each  for  a  quarter  wheel  when  wheel- 
ing around  the  middle. 


36 

b.     Right  around  the  middle. 
Degrees :     As  above. 

Command :  A  quarter  wheel  right  around  the  middle 
— march ! 

Execution :  As  above,  substituting  right  for  left  and 
left  for  right. 

4.  The  Front  Rank  Wheels  Around  a  Point  Within 

the  Rank,  Not  the  Extremities,  and  Not  the 
Center  (Eccentric  Wheeling). 

a.     Left  around  an  eccentric  point. 
Degrees:     y4,  y2,  3/4,  l/l. 
(Assumed  a  rank  of  five). 

Command :  A  quarter  wheel  left  around  the  second 
from  the  left — march! 

Execution :  That  part  of  the  rank  lying  on  the  right 
of  the  pivot  performs  a  quarter  wheel  around  the 
left  one.  In  this  case,  counting  the  pivot,  it  is  a 
rank  of  four.  That  part  of  the  rank  lying  to  the  left 
of  the  pivot  and  including  it  performs  a  quarter 
wheel  left  around  the  right  one.  In  this  case  it  is 
a  rank  of  two.  The  rules  for  such  wheeling  are  given 
above.  The  number  of  counts  necessary  for  such  a 
quarter  wheel  is  equal  to  the  number  of  individuals 
in  the  larger  segment  of  the  rank.  The  other 
degrees  correspond  in  command  and  execution  to 
the  above. 

b.     Right  around  an  eccentric  point. 

Commands  and  execution  follow  the  example  given 
above. 

5.  The  Front  Rank  Wheels  Around  a  Point  Lying 

Outside  of  the  Rank. 

This  conforms  in  direction  and  degree,  as  well  as 
synonymity  or  unsynonymity  of  pivot,  to  the  wheel- 
ings given  before  under  1  and  2. 


37 

Command:  A  quarter  wheel  left  around  x  steps 
distance — march ! 

Execution :  Assuming  x  to  equal  four  and  the  rank  to 
take  four  members  the  wheel  is  executed  as  a  quarter 
wheel  left  around  the  left  one  would  be  if  the  rank 
were  a  rank  of  eight. 

II.    The  Flank  Rank  Wheels 

1.    The  Flank  Rank  Wheels  Around  the  Last  One. 

a.     Left  around  the  last  one. 
Degrees:     %,  */2t  ft,  1/1. 
Command:     A  quarter  wheel  left — march! 

Execution :  The  movement  may  be  executed  by  true 
marching  or  follow  stepping  left.  The  latter  is  the 
method  usually  followed.  The  number  of  counts 
necessary  to  perform  a  quarter  wheel  is  equal  to  the 
number  of  members  in  the  rank.  If  the  wheel  were 
performed  by  true  marching  this  would  allow  three 
steps  and  one  count  to  close  with.  If  it  were  per- 
formed by  follow  stepping  it  would  allow  for  four 
steps  (assuming  a  rank  of  four),  each  carrying  its 
own  closing  movement. 

The  dressing  is  of  necessity  towards  the  first  one. 
As  there  is  no  touch  normally  in  a  flank  rank,  of 
course  there  is  none  while  wheeling.  The  rank  has 
to  be  kept  together,  while  wheeling,  altogether  by 
sight.  It  is  the  front  one,  then,  on  whom,  in  the  last 
instance  we  must  depend  for  keeping  the  rank 
together.  He  will  do  this  if  he  projects  his  right 
angle  well.  For  this  purpose  he  turns  his  head 
left  and  projects  on  a  line  running  from  the  pivot  to 
the  left  and  at  a  right  angle  to  the  original  position 
of  the  rank,  a  point  as  far  removed  from  the  pivot 
as  the  rank  is  deep.  To  this  point  he  directs  his 
march. 

He  traverses  the  arc  with  as  many  steps  as  there 
are  members  in  the  rank ;  so  do  the  rest  of  the  mem- 


38 

bers  of  the  rank  whose  steps  will  become  smaller 
and  smaller  till  in  the  pivot  they  are  true  sideward 
steps  or  follow  steps  with  the  linear  velocity  of  zero. 
This  amounts  to  marching  in  place. 

When  the  rank  wheels  by  follow  stepping  it  will 
require  four  follow  steps  to  be  marched  in  place  by 
the  pivot.  As  each  follow  step  requires  a  closing 
movement  there  are  a  total  of  eight  movements 
which  the  pivot  must  perform.  As  follow  stepping 
in  place  is  performed  like  in  place  marching,  it  fol- 
lows that  the  pivot  of  a  flank  rank  of  four  wheeling 
with  follow  step  will  have  to  perform  eight  in  place 
march  movements.  As  in  follow  stepping,  the  clos- 
ing movement  is  not  counted,  these  eight  movements 
will  here  amount  to  four  counts  only. 

At  the  completion  of  the  wheel,  the  front  one 
turns  his  head  to  the  front.  The  dressing  of  the 
rank  continues  to  the  front. 

The  other  degrees  correspond  in  command  and 
execution  to  the  above,  allowing  twice  the  number 
of  counts  in  the  case  of  the  half  wheel,  three  times 
in  the  case  of  the  three-quarters,  and  four  times  in 
the  case  of  the  entire  wheel. 

b.     Right  around  the  last  one. 
Degrees:     >4,  y2,  ft,  1/1. 
Command  :     A  quarter  wheel  right — march  ! 

Execution :  As  given  for  the  quarter  wheel  left,  sub- 
stituting right  for  left. 

The  other  degrees  correspond  to  the  above,  with 
allowance  for  additional  steps. 

2.     The  Flank  Rank  Wheels  Around  the  First  One. 
a.     Left  around  the  first  one. 

Command :  A  quarter  wheel  left  around  the  first — 
march ! 

Execution :  The  movement  is  executed  by  inarching 
right  with  true  or  follow  steps,  the  number  of  counts 
being  equal  to  the  number  of  members  in  the  rank. 


39 

The  dressing  is  to  the  front  one.  By  this  means 
the  rank  is  to  be  kept  straight  while  wheeling.  As 
the  movements  of  the  front  one  are  the  smaller,  the 
greater  the  number  of  members  of  the  rank,  guid- 
ance may  become  very  difficult.  There  is,  of  course, 
no  touch,  and  distance  must  be  kept  by  sight.  As 
sight  is  directed  to  the  pivot,  it  is  easy  to  keep  the 
rank  together,  but  difficult  to  keep  it  straight.  The 
pivot  lying  here  in  the  front,  he  moves  with  steps 
the  linear  velocity  of  which  is  zero,  the  steps  in- 
creasing in  size  till  the  last  one  in  the  rank  marches 
with  an  ordinary  step. 

The  other  degrees  correspond  in  command  and 
execution  to  the  above,  making  allowance  for  the 
increased  number  of  steps  in  one-half,  three- 
quarters  and  a  whole  wheel. 

b.     Right  around  the  first  one. 
Degrees:     *4,  y2,  ft,  1/1. 

Command:  A  quarter  wheel  right  around  the  first 
one — march ! 

Execution :     As  above,  substituting  left  for  right. 
3.     The  Flank  Rank  Wheels  Around  the  Middle. 
a.     Left  around  the  middle. 

Command :  A  quarter  wheel  left  around  the  middle — 
march ! 

Execution  :  That  part  of  the  rank  in  front  of  the  mid- 
dle wheels  according  to  the  rules  given  for  the  flank 
rank  wheeling  left  around  the  last  one.  It  would 
then  march  to  the  left.  That  part  of  the  rank  lying 
behind  the  middle  wheels  according  to  the  rules  of 
the  flank  rank  wheeling  left  around  the  front  one 
(i.  e.,  it  marches  to  the  right).  The  number  of  counts 
equals  the  number  of  individuals  in  the  segment 
counting  the  middle  as  one  individual,  whether  it 
falls  on  an  individual  or  in  the  space  between. 


40 

The  other  degrees  correspond  in  execution  to  the 
above,  allowing  for  the  greater  number  of  steps  in 
the  half  wheel,  three-quarters  and  entire  wheel,  ac- 
cording to  the  formula  given  before. 

b.     Right  around  the  middle. 

Command:  A  quarter  wheel  right  around  the  middle 
— march ! 

Execution :  As  given  for  the  wheeling  left  around 
the  middle,  substituting  left  for  right  and  right  for 
left. 

The  several  other  degrees  are  executed  corres- 
pondingly. 


4.     The  Flank  Rank  Wheels  Around  a  Point  Within 

the  Rank,  Not  the  Extremities  and  Not  the 

Center  (Eccentric  Wheeling). 

(Assumed  a  rank  of  five.) 

Command :  A  quarter  wheel  left  around  the  second 
one — march ! 

Execution :  That  segment  of  the  rank  lying  in  front 
of  the  pivot  (in  this  case  the  first  arid  second  member 
of  the  rank)  wheels  left  around  the  last  one  in  the 
usual  manner.  That  segment  of  the  rank  lying  in 
rear  of  the  pivot,  that  is  to  say,  the  second,  third, 
fourth  and  fifth  members  of  the  rank,  wheel  left 
around  the  first  one.  The  rules  for  such  wheeling 
are  as  given  before.  The  number  of  counts  neces- 
sary equals  the  number  of  members  in  the  larger 
segment.  In  this  instance  it  is  four.  Of  course, 
both  the  larger  and  smaller  segment  require  that 
number  of  steps. 

This  may  be  done  to  the  left  and  right  and  in  the 
several  degrees  of  wheeling. 


5.     The  Flank  Rank  Wheels  Around  a  Point  Lying 
Outside  of  the  Rank. 

These  wheels  are  executed  like  wheels  around  the 
front  or  rear  one,  according  to  the  situation  of  the 
pivoting  point.  One  allows  for  the  quarter  wheel 
as  many  counts  as  the  point  is  tactical  steps  distant 
from  the  first  or  last  one.  The  several  degrees  and 
both  directions  are,  of  course,  possible  of  execution 
and  follow  the  rules  before  laid  down. 

E.    ANGLE  MARCHING 

Purpose:  Angle  marching  changes  the  surface  rela- 
tions of  the  rank  to  its  surroundings  without  chang- 
ing the  nature  of  the  arrangement  of  the  rank  and 
without  materially  changing  the  distance  relations 
of  the  rank  to  its  surroundings.  It  transposes  the 
rank.  It,  like  wheeling,  is  a  form  of  facing  of  the 
rank.  It  differs,  however,  from  wheeling  in  the  way 
in  which  it  accomplishes  the  transposition. 

Directions:  Like  facing  and  wheeling,  angle  march- 
ing is  done  left  and  right. 

Degrees:  The  type  of  the  angle  march  is  the  march- 
ing of  a  right  angle ;  one  multiple  only,  namely  the 
marching  of  two  right  angles  or  countermarch  is 
possible.  Beyond  this,  multiples  are  impossible  to 
perform.  Fractional  degrees  of  the  type  are  also 
performed,  the  usual  ones  being  the  angle  marching 
of  45  and  of  135  degrees,  the  angle  march  obliquely 
forward  and  obliquely  backward,  respectively.  It  is 
for  facing  the  rank  these  degrees  that  angle  march- 
ing becomes  necessary,  since  in  wheeling  they  are 
not  practiced.  In  this  respect  angle  marching  is 
the  tactic  complement  of  wheeling.  Wheeling,  as 
has  been  demonstrated  before,  is  but  poorly  adapted 
to  the  flank  rank.  Angle  marching,  as  will  hereafter 
be  shown,  on  the  other  hand,  admirably  fits  the  con- 
ditions presented  by  the  flank  rank.  Thus  far  angle 
marching  supplements  wheeling. 


42 

Fixed  Point:  The  fixed  point  around  which  a  rank 
turns  in  angle  marching  may  lie  in  either  extremity. 

Mode  of  Performance:  The  angle  march  is  the  exact 
counterpart  of  wheeling  in  the  mode  of  its  perform- 
ance. In  wheeling  all  people  turn  simultaneously, 
but  in  order  to  do  this  are  compelled  to  accomplish 
the  turn  piecemeal ;  in  angle  marching  the  members 
of  the  rank  turn  seriatim  one  after  the  other.  This 
enables  them  to  accomplish  the  turn  in  its  entirety 
in  one  movement. 

I.    The  Flank  Rank  Angle  Marches 

1.     The  Flank  Rank  Angle  Marches  Around 
the  First  One. 

a.     Left  around  the  first  one. 

Degrees:  */*,  ^,  %,  ft  turns;  or  90,  180,  45,  135  de- 
grees. 

l/4  turn,  90  degrees. 

Command  :     Angle  left — march  ! 

Execution :  The  first  one  in  the  rank  faces  left  and 
marches  forward  the  length  (rather  depth)  of  the 
rank,  then  halts.  The  next  one  steps  forward  one 
step,  which  brings  him  into  the  exact  place  where 
the  first  one  formerly  stood,  turns  and  marches  for- 
ward the  length  of  the  rank  less  one  step,  then  halts. 
The  third  one  marches  two  steps  forward,  faces  left, 
marches  forward  the  length  of  the  rank  less  two, 
and  halts.  This  is  the  manner  in  which  the  rest  of 
the  members  would  perform,  taking  as  many  steps 
forward  as  they  are  removed  from  the  pivoting 
point,  then,  after  facing,  taking  as  many  steps  for- 
ward as  will  make  the  distance  travelled  equal  the 
length  of  the  rank,  and  halting.  In  this  way  it 
comes  about  that  the  last  member  of  the  rank 
marches  forward  the  length  of  the  rank,  faces  left, 
and  halts.  The  movements  of  all  the  members  of 


43 

the  rank  are  simultaneous,  that  is,  at  the  command 
"march !"  all  will  get  under  way.  The  rules  for  the 
marching-  forward  of  a  flank  rank  must  be  rigidly 
observed.  The  number  of  movements  required  for 
the  performance  of  an  angle  march  is  equal  to  the 
number  of  people  in  the  rank.  This  means,  if  the 
angle  march  is  performed  by  true  forward  marching, 
one  step  less  than  there  are  members  in  the  rank, 
the  last  movement  being  the  closing  to  a  standing 
position.  This,  however,  is  only  the  case  when  the 
angle  march  is  done  from  a  stand  to  a  stand,  when 
done  from  a  march,  whether  in  or  out  of  place,  it 
requires  as  many  steps  as  there  are  members  in  the 
rank. 

Yz  turn,  180  degrees. 

Command:     Counter  left — march! 

Execution :  The  execution  corresponds  to  that  given 
above  for  the  quarter  turn  (angle  marching),  except 
that  the  turn  is  one  of  180  degrees,  that  is  to  say,  a 
left  about  face.  To  this  must  be  added  an  evasion 
to  the  right  equal  to  the  width  of  the  individual.  The 
number  of  movements  necessary  equals  the  number 
of  people  in  the  rank.  The  rules  for  marching  in  a 
flank  rank  must  be  observed. 

l/&  turn,  45  degrees. 

Command  :     Angle  obliquely  left  forward — march  ! 

Execution :  The  execution  is  that  given  for  the  angle 
march,  except  that  the  turn  left  amounts  to  l/$  turn 
or  45  degrees  (in  tactic  parlance,  left  half  face). 

^8  turn,  135  degrees. 

Command:     Angle  obliquely  left  backward — march! 

Execution :  Corresponds  to  that  given  for  angle 
marching,  except  that  the  turn  equals  ?/s  of  a  turn 
or  135  degrees  (in  gymnastic  nomenclature,  left  and 
half  face).  The  term  backward  refers  to  the  obli- 
quity of  the  angle  and  not  to  the  marching. 


44 


b.     Right  around  the  first  one. 

Degrees:  #,  y2,  y8,  ft  turns;  or  90,  180,  45,  135  de- 
grees. 

l/4.  turn,  90  degrees. 

Command :     Angle  right — march  ! 

Execution:  Corresponds  to  angle  inarching  left.  The 
turn  is  of  course,  to  the  right.  Marching  from  a 
stand  is  begun  with  the  left  foot ;  the  rule  for  for- 
ward marching  will  be  observed  here,  and  though 
the  turn  is  right,  the  march  begins  with  the  left  foot. 

*/2  turn,  180  degrees. 

Command  :     Counter  right — march ! 

Execution :  As  counter  marching  left  except  for  the 
turn,  which  is  right.  The  left  foot  starts  the  march- 
ing. 

y&  turn,  45  degrees. 

Command :     Angle   obliquely   right    forward — march ! 

Execution :  As  angle  marching  obliquely  left  for- 
ward, the  turn  being  right  in  this  instance. 

y%  turn,  135  degrees. 

Command  :     Angle  obliquely  right  backward — march ! 

Execution :  As  under  angle  marching  obliquely  left 
backward,  the  turn  being  right. 

2.     The  Flank  Rank  Angle  Marches  Around 
the  Last  One. 

a.     Left  around  the  last  one. 

Degrees:  y4,  y2,  fa  ft  turns;  or  90,  180,  45,  135  de- 
grees. 

l/4  turn,  90  degrees. 

Command  :     Around  the  last,  angle  left — march  ! 

Execution :  The  last  one  in  the  rank  faces  left  and 
marches  backward  the  length  of  the  rank  and  then 


halts.  The  one  next  to  the  last  takes  one  step  back- 
ward, turns  left  and  marches  backward  the  length  of 
the  rank  less  the  one  step  taken  before  the  turn  and 
halts.  The  other  members  of  the  rank  take  as  many 
steps  backward  as  they  are  removed  from  the  pivot 
then  turn  left  and  march  backward  the  length  of 
the  rank  less  the  number  of  steps  which  they  have 
taken  before  the  turn,  then  halt.  This  makes  the 
last  one  in  the  rank  march  backward  the  length  of 
the  rank,  face  left  and  halt.  The  number  of  move- 
ments is  equal  to  the  number  of  individuals  in  the 
rank.  This  means  one  step  less  than  there  are  mem- 
bers in  the  rank,  the  movements  being  done  from 
stand  to  stand ;  as  many  steps  as  there  are  members 
in  the  rank  if  it  is  done  from  marching  in  place  or 
from  place.  The  rules  for  backward  marching  of 
the  flank  rank  must  be  strictly  adhered  to. 

}/2  turn,  180  degrees. 

Command:     Around  the  last,  counter  left — march! 

Execution:  As  given  under  angle  left  around  the  last 
one.  With  the  y2  turn,  an  evasion  to  the  left  equal 
to  the  width  of  the  individual  must  be  taken. 

l/&  turn,  45  degrees. 

Command :  Around  the  last,  angle  obliquely  left  for- 
ward— march ! 

Execution :  As  given  under  angle  left,  except  that 
the  turn  amounts  to  45  degrees  (left  half  face)  only. 

Y%  turn,  135  degrees. 

Command :  Around  the  last,  angle  obliquely  left  back- 
ward— march ! 

Execution:  As  angle  left  march  around  the  last  one, 
except  that  the  turn  is  ^  (135  degrees)  or  left  and 
half  face. 


46 


b.     Right  around  the  last  one. 

Degrees:  y4,  y2,  %,  3/8  turns;  or  90,  180,  45,  135  de- 
grees. 

Y^  turn,  90  degrees. 

Command:     Around  the  last  one,  angle  right — march  ! 

Execution:  Corresponds  to  angle  left  around  the  last 
one,  except  that  the  turns  are  right.  Marching  back- 
ward from  a  stand  begins  with  the  left  foot,  though 
the  angle  march  and  turn  be  right. 

l/2  turn,  180  degrees. 

Command  :     Around  the  last,  counter  right — march  ! 
Execution:     As   counter  left   march  around  the   last 
one,  the  turn  and  evasion  being  right. 

l/&  turn,  45  degrees. 

Command:  Around  the  last  one,  angle  obliquely  right 
forward — march ! 

Execution:  As  angle  obliquely  left  forward  around 
the  last  one,  except  that  the  turn  is  right. 

Y%  turn,  135  degrees. 

Command:  Around  the  last  one,  angle  obliquely  right 
backward — march ! 

Execution :  As  angle  obliquely  left  backward  around 
the  last  one,  except  that  the  turn  is  right. 

II.    The  Front  Rank  Angle  Marches 

1.  The  Front  Rank  Angle  Marches  Around  the  End 
Synonym  with  the  Direction  of  the  Angle  March. 

a.     Left  around  the  left  one. 
Degrees:     *4>  ^>  1A,  H  turns. 
l/4  turn. 
Command  :     Angle  left — march  ! 

Execution:  The  left  one  faces  left  and  marches  left 
with  follow  steps  or  true  marching  the  length  of  the 


47 


rank,  then  halts.  The  other  members  of  the  rank 
take  as  many  steps  to  the  left  as  they  are  removed 
from  the  left  one  (pivot),  then  turn  left,  marching 
the  width  of  the  rank  less  as  many  steps  as  they  have 
taken  previously  to  the  turn,  when  they  halt.  The 
rules  for  marching  left  with  follow  step  or  true 
marching  in  a  dressed  front  rank  are  observed. 

l/2  turn. 

Command :     Counter  left — march  ! 

Execution:  As  given  under  angle  left  march  except 
that  the  turn  is  a  half  turn  (180  degrees,  or  left  about 
face),  and  that  in  turning  an  evasion  forward  equal 
to  the  depth  of  the  individual  must  be  taken. 

Y&  turn. 

Command :     Angle  obliquely  left  forward — march  ! 

Execution :  As  given  under  angle  left  marching,  the 
turn  being  j/g  turn  or  left  half  face. 

}i  turn. 

Command :     Angle  oblique  left  backward — march  ! 

Execution :  As  angle  left  march,  the  turn  now  being 
^8  or  135  degrees. 

b.     Right  around  the  right  one. 
Degrees:     l/4,  l/2,  Ys,  H  turns. 
l/4  turn. 
Command :     Angle  right — march  ! 

Execution :  As  angle  left  march,  except  that  the  turn 
is  right.  If  executed  by  true  sideward  marching,  it 
begins  with  the  left  foot,  though  the  turn  and  march 
be  right ;  if  executed  by  follow  step  the  right  foot 
begins  the  march. 


48 

l/2  turn. 

Command:     Counter  right — march! 

Execution:  As  counter  left  march,  the  turn  being 
right,  the  evasion  forward. 

J/8  turn. 

Command:     Angle   obliquely    right    forward — march! 

Execution :  As  angle  obliquely  left  forward,  the  turn 
now  being  right. 

Y&  turn. 

Command:     Angle  obliquely  right  backward — march! 

Execution:  As  angle  obliquely  left  backward,  the 
turn  being  right. 

2.     The  Front  Rank  Angle  Marches  Around  the  End 
Opposite  the  Direction  of  the  Angle  March. 

a.     Left  around  the  right  one. 
Degrees :     %,  */>,  y8,  H  turns. 
%  turn. 
Command  :     Around  the  right  one,  angle  teft — march  ! 

Execution  :  The  right  one  taking  a  quarter  turn  left 
with  the  first  step,  marches  right  the  width  of  the 
rank,  starting  with  the  right  foot  if  the  movement 
is  done  by  follow  stepping,  with  the  left  if  done  by 
true  marching.  The  other  members  of  the  rank 
march  as  many  steps  to  the  right  as  they  are  re- 
moved from  the  right  one  (pivot),  taking  a  quarter 
turn  left  at  that  place,  and  continue  the  march  to  the 
right,  the  width  of  the  rank  less  as  many  steps  as 
they  have  taken  to  get  to  the  pivoting  point,  then 
halt.  The  rules  for  marching  sideward  right  with 
follow  step  or  by  true  marching  in  a  dressed  front 
rank  are  observed.  The  number  of  steps  required 
is  equal  to  the  number  of  members  in  the  rank,  if 


49 


the  movement  be  clone  from  in  place  or  from  place 
marching;  one  less,  if  taken  from  stand  to  stand  by 
true  marching,  but  again  equal  to  the  number  of 
members  in  the  rank  if  done  by  follow  step. 

l/2  turn. 

Command:  Around  the  right  one,  counter  left — 
march ! 

Execution :  As  given  under  angle  left  around  the 
right  one.  With  the  half  turn  left,  an  evasion 
backward  equal  to  the  depth  of  the  individual  must 
be  taken. 

l/%  turn. 

Command:  Around  the  right  one,  angle  obliquely 
left  forward — march  ! 

Execution:  As  given  under  angle  left  around  the 
right  one,  the  turn  amounting  to  45  degrees  only. 

Yi  turn. 

Command :  Around  the  right  one,  angle  obliquely  left 
backward — march ! 

Execution :  As  angle  left  around  the  right  one,  ex- 
cept that  the  turn  is  equal  to  135  degrees. 

b.     Right  around  the  left  one. 
Degrees:     Y4,  l/2,  l/&,  ft  turns. 
J/4  turn. 
Command:     Around  the  left  one,  angle  right — march! 

Execution :  Corresponds  to  angle  left  around  the 
right  one,  except  that  the  turn  is  right,  the  inarch 
left. 

l/2  turn. 

Command:  Around  the  left  one,  counter  right — 
inarch ! 

Execution  :  As  counter  left  around  the  right  one,  the 
turn  being  right,  the  march  left,  the  evasion  back- 
ward. 


YZ  turn. 

Command :  Around  the  left  one  angle  obliquely  right 
forward — march ! 

Execution :  As  angle  obliquely  left  forward  around 
the  right  one,  the  turn  being  right,  the  march  left. 

Y%  turn. 

Command :  Around  the  left  one  angle  obliquely  right 
backward — march ! 

Execution :  As  angle  obliquely  left  backward  around 
the  right  one,  the  turn  now  being  right,  the  march- 
ing left. 

Note : — All  angle  marches  as  recited  above  may 
be  executed  from  standing,  from  in  place  marching, 
or  from  marching  from  place  in  any  mode  and 
direction.  They  may  lead  to  a  stand,  to  marching 
in  place,  or  to  marching  from  place  in  any  mode 
and  direction.  The  rules  given  in  the  tactics  of  the 
individual  for  changing  from  a  stand  to  a  march, 
from  a  march  to  a  stand,  from  marching  in  place 
to  marching  from  place,  from  marching  from  place 
to  marching  in  place,  and  from  marching  from  place 
in  any  mode  and  direction  to  marching  from  place 
in  any  other  mode  or  direction  will  be  observed. 

F.    TRANSFORMING 

Purpose:  As  the  name  indicates,  this  tactic  move- 
ment transforms  the  rank.  The  transforming  may 
be  from  a  front  into  a  flank  or  vice  versa.  It  may, 
however,  consist  simply  in  a  rearrangement  of  the 
individuals  composing  the  flank  or  front  rank  so  as 
to  make  the  first  one  last,  and  the  last  one  first ; 
or  the  left  one  right,  and  the  right  one  left,  and  the 
others  correspondingly,  but  leaving  the  rank  front 
or  flank  as  before.  Incidentally  the  forming,  as  we 
call  it  for  short,  transposes  the  rank  to  one  or  two 
right  angles  to  its  former  position.  The  surface 
relations  of  the  rank,  however,  remain  unchanged. 


51 

Directions:  Forming  may  be  done  forward  or  in 
front,  backward  or  in  rear,  to  the  left  or  to  the  right. 

Degrees:  Incidentally  transposing  of  the  rank  may 
amount  to  one  or  two  right  angles. 

Fixed  Point:  The  fixed  point  in  front  or  rear  of 
which  or  to  the  left  or  right  of  which,  the  forming 
takes  place  may  lie  in  either  extremity  or  in  any 
point  in  between,  though  the  latter  is  unusual. 

Mode  of  Performance:  The  best  and  most  tactical 
way  of  forming  is  by  facing  and  marching  in  a 
straight  line  upon  the  destination  and  then  re-facing. 
A  tactical  and  also  efficient  way  is  to  form  by  eva- 
sion. The  forming  by  circling  or  by  angle  march- 
ing is  used  in  exhibition  work,  but  as  they  are  cir- 
cumstantial and  not  direct  enough  to  be  of  educa- 
tional value,  no  consideration  will  be  given  those 
modes  here. 

I.     Transforming  the  Front  Rank  by  Facing  and 
Marching 

1.     The  Front  Rank  Forms  in  Front. 

a.     In  front  of  the  left  one. 
Command  :     Form  in  front  of  left — march  ! 

Execution:  The  extreme,  left  member  of  the  rank 
stands  still,  the  others  take  a  half  face  left  and 
march  forward  till  they  arrive  at  the  destination, 
when,  with  a  half  face  right,  they  halt.  The  num- 
ber of  counts  required  for  this  performance  is  equal 
to  the  number  of  the  place  held  by  any  member  in 
the  rank,  counting  from  the  extremity  which  is  the 
fixed  point.  Thus,  in  this  case,  the  extreme  left  one 
stands  still,  the  next  one  on  the  right  being  the  sec- 
ond in  the  rank  counting  from  the  left,  performs  the 
movement  of  forming  in  front  of  left  in  two  counts, 
one  to  turn  and  step  out,  one  to  close  and  return. 
The  third  one  in  the  rank  takes  three,  the  fourth  one 


52 

four  counts  for  the  performance,  and  so  on.  If  the 
movement  is  taken  from  a  stand  to  a  stand,  the  num- 
ber of  steps  required  is  equal  to  the  number  of 
counts  minus  one.  If  it  is  done  from  marching  in  or 
from  place,  the  number  of  steps  is  equal  to  the  num- 
ber of  counts  as  given  in  above  rule.  As  the  mem- 
bers of  the  rank  arrive  in  their  new  place,  the  Tank 
as  it  reforms  dresses  to  the  front,  so  that  by  the  time 
.  the  last  member  of  the  rank  has  arrived  in  the  new 
place  the  rank  is  dressed.  The  newly  formed  rank 
in  this  case,  being  a  flank  rank,  the  dressing  is  to 
the  front. 

b.     In  front  of  the  right  one. 
Command  :     Form  in  front  of  right — march  ! 

Execution:  As  given  under  1,  except  that  the  first 
turn  is  to  the  right,  the  return  to  the  left. 

2.     The  Front  Rank  Forms  in  Rear. 

a.  In  rear  of  the  left  one. 
Command :     Form  in  rear  of  left — march ! 

Execution:  The  extreme  left  member  of  the  rank 
stands  still.  The  others  face  ^  of  a  turn  left  and 
march  forward  till  they  arrive  at  their  destination; 
i.  e.,  in  rear  of  the  one  on  the  left,  when  with  ^  of 
a  turn  right,  they  halt.  The  number  of  counts  re- 
quired is  as  under  la.  The  rule  for  dressing  is  as 
there  cited. 

b.  In  rear  of  the  right  one. 

Command :     Form  in  rear  of  right — march ! 
Execution :     As  under  2a,  except  that  the  first  turn  is 
right  the  re-turn  left. 

3.     The  Front  Rank  Forms  to  the  Left. 

a.     Passing  in  front. 

Command  :     Form  left,  pass  in  front — march  ! 
Execution :     All  members  of  the  rank  except  the  one 
on  the  extreme  left  take  a  half  face  left  and  one  step 


53 


forward ;  with  the  next  step  forward  another  half 
face  left  is  taken  ;  next  the  forward  marching  is  con- 
tinued till  the  individuals  arrive  in  front  of  their 
places  of  destination,  when,  with  another  half  face 
left,  they  take  one  step  into  place,  and  with  y%  of  a 
turn  right  come  to  halt.  The  number  of  counts  re- 
quired for  the  performance  is  equal  to  the  number  of 
the  place  held  by  the  member  of  the  rank,  counting 
from  the  extremity  around  which  the  forming  takes 
place,  multiplied  by  two.  Thus,  the  second  one 
needs  four,  the  third  six,  and  the  fourth  eight  counts, 
and  so  forth,  for  the  performance.  As  the  mem- 
bers of  the  rank  arrive  in  their  new  places  the  rank 
is  dressed  towards  the  fixed  point.  In  this  case  the 
fixed  point  lies  to  the  right,  and  the  dressing  is  to 
the  right.  With  the  arrival  of  the  last  member  of 
the  rank,  the  dressing  to  the  right  is  complete.  The 
dressing  is  done  according  to  the  rules  of  dressing 
a  front  rank.  This  requires  the  turning  of  the  head 
right ;  with  the  last  man  arriving  the  heads  will  be 
turned  to  the  front  without  any  special  command. 

b.     Passing  in  rear. 

Command:     Form  left  pass  in  rear — march! 

Execution :  All  except  the  individual  on  the  extreme 
left  take  one  step  forward  with  Y%  of  a  turn  left; 
with  the  next  step  an  eighth  of  a  turn  right  is  taken ; 
then  the  individuals  march  forward  till  arriving 
opposite  the  place  of  their  destination  in  the  rank, 
when,  with  an  eighth  of  a  turn  right  they  will  step 
into  place  and  with  a  further  eighth  of  a  turn  right 
will  come  to  a  halt.  The  number  of  counts  required 
for  this  movement  are  as  given  under  3a.  The  dress- 
ing is  to  the  right,  as  mentioned  in  the  same  place. 

4.     The  Front  Rank  Forms  to  the  Right. 

a.     Passing  in  Front. 

Command :     Form  right,  pass  in  front — march ! 
Fxecution :     As  under  3a,  except  that  the  turns  are 
right,  the  re-turn  left.     The  dressing  is  left. 


54 

b.     Passing  in  rear. 
Command  :     Form  right,  pass  in  rear — march  ! 

Execution :  As  under  3b,  the  turns  being  right,  the 
returns  and  dressing  left. 

II.     Transforming  the  Flank  Rank  by  Facing 
and  Marching 

1.     The  Flank  Rank  Forms  to  the  Side  of  the 
First  One. 

a.     To  the  left  of  the  first  one. 
Command  :     Form  left — march  ! 

Execution :  All  except  the  first  member  of  the  rank 
take  a  half  face  left  and  march  forward ;  when  ar- 
rived at  their  destination  they  halt  with  a  half  face 
right.  The  dressing  is  to  the  right.  The  number  of 
counts  required  is  as  under  I.  1,  a  (page  48). 

b.     To  the  right  of  the  first  one. 
Command  :     Form  right — march  ! 

Execution :  As  under  a,  except  that  the  first  turn  is 
right,  the  re-turn  left,  the  dressing  left. 

2.     The  Flank  Rank  Forms  to  the  Side  of  the 
Last  One. 

a.     To  the  left  of  the  last  one. 
Command:     Form  left  of  the  rear  one — march! 

Execution :  All  members  of  the  rank,  except  the  last 
one,  with  ^  turn  left,  march  forward ;  when  arrived 
at  their  destination  in  the  newly  formed  rank,  they 
take  y%  turn  right  and  halt.  The  dressing  is  to  the 
right,  the  number  of  counts  required  as  in  1,  a. 


55 


b.     To  the  right  of  the  last  one. 
Command  :     Form  right  of  the  rear  one — march  ! 

Execution  :  As  in  a,  the  first  turn  being  right,  the  re- 
turn left,  the  dressing  left. 

3.     The  Flank  Rank  Forms  in  Front. 

a.     Passing  left. 
Command  :     Form  in  front,  pass  left — march  ! 

Execution  :  All  except  the  first  member  of  the  rank 
take  one  step  forward,  with  a  half  face  left ;  another 
with  a  half  face  right ;  when  arrived  opposite  the 
place  of  destination  they  step  into  the  place  with 
a  half  face  right  and  halt  with  a  half  face  left.  The 
number  of  counts  required  is  as  under  I,  3,  a  (page 
50).  The  dressing  is  to  the  front. 

b.     Passing  right. 
Command  :     Form  in  front,  pass  right — march  ! 

Execution:  As  under  a,  the  first  turn  being  right,  the 
next  left,  the  turning  in  left,  the  re-turn  right. 

4.     The  Flank  Rank  Forms  in  Rear. 

a.     Passing  left. 
Command :     Form   in   rear,  pass   left — march  ! 

Execution :  All  except  the  rear  one  take  one  step  for- 
ward, with  y%  of  a  turn  left ;  with  the  next  step 
forward  they  take  one  more  half  face  left ;  arriving 
opposite  the  place  of  destination,  they  step  into 
place  with  another  half  face  left,  when  with  ^  turn 
right  they  come  to  a  halt.  The  dressing  is  to  the 
front.  The  number  of  counts  required  is  as  given 
under  I,  3,  a  (page  50). 

b.     Passing  right. 
Command  :     Form  in  the  rear,  pass  right — march ! 

Execution :  As  under  a,  the  first  three  turns  being 
right,  the  re-turn  left. 


56 

III.     Transforming  the  Front  Rank  by  Evasion 

1.     The  Front  Rank  Forms  in  Front,  Evading 
Backward. 

a.  In  front  of  the  left  one. 

Command :  Form  in  front  of  left,  evade  backward — 
march ! 

Execution :  The  extreme  left  member  of  the  rank 
marches  backward.  The  others  march  sideward  left 
(true  marching)  till  they  arrive  in  their  turn  at  the 
extreme  left  of  the  rank,  when  they  also  begin  back- 
ward marching.  The  member  on  the  extreme  right 
marches  sideward  left  and  halts  when  he  arrives 
on  the  place  formerly  held  by  the  member  on  the 
extreme  left  of  the  rank.  Thus,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  member  originally  on  the  left  of  the  rank 
marches  as  many  counts  backward  as  there  are 
members  in  the  rank ;  the  member  on  the  extreme 
right  marches  as  many  counts  sideward  left ;  the 
other  members  take  as  many  steps  sideward  left  as 
they  are  removed  from  the  extreme  left  of  the  rank 
and  as  many  counts  backward  as  remain  after  sub- 
tracting the  number  of  steps  marched  left  from  the 
number  of  members  of  the  rank.  When  the  move- 
ment is  taken  from  a  stand,  the  number  of  steps 
required  is  equal  to  the  number  of  members  of  the 
rank  minus  one,  the  last  one  being  the  closing  move- 
ment. If  the  same  be  done  from  marching  in  or 
from  place,  the  number  of  steps  is  equal  to  the  num- 
ber of  counts  as  above  given,  i.  e.,  equal  to  the 
number  of  people  in  the  rank. 

b.  In  front  of  the  right  one. 

Command :  Form  in  front  of  right,  evade  backward 
— march ! 

Execution:  As  given  under  1,  except  that  the  march- 
ing is  to  the  right. 


57 

2.     The  Front  Rank  Forms  in  Rear,  Evading  Forward, 
a.     In  rear  of  the  left  one. 

Command :  Form  in  rear  of  left,  evade  forward — 
march ! 

Execution:  As  under  1,  a,  except  that  the  extreme 
left  one  and  the  others  in  turn  march  forward. 

b.     In  rear  of  the  right  one. 

Command:  Form  in  rear  of  right,  evade  forward — 
march ! 

Execution:  As  under  1,  b,  except  that  the  right  one 
and  the  others  in  turn  march  forward. 

IV.     Transforming  the  Flank  Rank  by  Evasion 

1.  .  The  Flank  Rank  Forms  to  the  Side  of  the 
First  One. 

a.     To  the  left  of  the  first  one,  evading  right. 
Command:     Form  left,  evade  right — march  ! 

Execution  :  The  first  one  marches  the  length  of  the 
rank  to  the  right.  The  next  one  takes  one  step  for- 
ward then  marches  the  length  of  the  rank,  minus 
one  step  to  the  right.  The  following  ones  march 
forward  to  the  place  where  the  first  one  of  the  rank 
originally  stood,  then  march  to  the  right  as  many 
steps  as  will  remain  after  subtracting  the  number  of 
steps  equal  to  the  place  they  held  in  the  rank.  Thus 
the  last  one  will  march  forward  the  length  of  the 
rank  and  then  halt.  The  number  of  counts  required 
for  the  movement  is  equal  to  the  number  of  people 
in  the  rank.  The  counts  are  steps,  as  the  movement 
is  undertaken  from  marching  in  or  from  place  the 
steps  are  one  step  less  than  the  counts,  the  last 
movement  being  taken  up  for  closing  to  a  stand, 
when  the  movement  is  undertaken  from  a  stand. 


58 

b.     To  the  right  of  the  first  one,  evading  left. 
Command  :     Form  right,  evade  left — march  ! 

Execution:  As  under  a,  except  that  the  first  one  and 
the  others  in  turn  march  left. 

2.     The  Flank  Rank  Forms  to  the  Side  of  the 
Last  One. 

a.  To  the  left  of  the  last  one,  evading  right. 

Command:  Form  left  of  the  rear  one,  evade  right- 
march  ! 

Execution  :  As  under  1,  a,  except  that  the  marching 
of  all  except  the  last  one  is  backward  first,  then 
right. 

b.  To  the  right  of  the  last  one,  evading  left. 

Command :     Form    right    of    the    rear,    evade    left — 

march ! 
Execution :     As  under  2,  a,  except  that  the  evasion  is 

done  by  marching  sideward  left. 

G.    OPENING  OF  THE  RANK 

Purpose:  The  object  of  opening  the  rank  is  to  have 
intervening  between  the  members  a  greater  distance 
than  is  had  in  the  dressed  rank. 

Directions:  The  rank  may  be  opened  forward,  back- 
ward, left  or  right. 

Degrees:  Any  distance  may  intervene  between  mem- 
bers of  the  rank. 

Fixed  Point:  The  fixed  point  may  lie  in  either  ex- 
tremity of  the  rank,  or  any  point  in  between. 

Modes  of  Performance:  The  rank  may  be  opened 
(a)  so  that  all  members  concerned  will  move  simultan- 
lously ;  (b)  so  that  all  members  concerned  will  move  in 
succession.  The  distances  that  are  to  intervene  may  be 
established  (a)  by  using  parts  of  the  body  as  meas- 
ures by  placing  them  in  certain  positions,  as  for 


59 


instance,  raising  the  arms  forward  and  taking  arm's 
length  distance;  raising  both  arms  sideward  and 
having  double  arms'  length  distance  ;  (b)  by  a  cer- 
tain number  of  steps  (1,  2,  3,  or  more)  distance. 
The  rank  may  be  opened  by  the  various  forms  of 
marching  without  a  turn  or  with  a  turn  accompany- 
ing the  first  step  and  the  return  accompanying  the 
closing  movement. 

I.     The  Opening  of  the  Front  Rank 

1.     Opening  the  Front  Rank  to  the  Left  or  Right. 

a.    One  arm's   length  distance,  members  moving 
simultaneously. 

Command :  Open  the  rank  left,  raise  the  right  arm 
sideward  arm's  length  distance — march! 

Execution :  All  members  of  the  rank  except  the  right 
one  march  to  the  left,  in  this  instance  by  true  march- 
ing (if  follow  step  is  wished  for,  the  command  would 
be  "follow  step  march").  As  they  march  they  grad- 
ually raise  the  right  arm  to  the  position  of  "side- 
ward raise."  During  this  march  sight  is  directed 
left.  The  one  on  the  left  sees  to  it  that  he  marches 
in  a  straight  line  by  the  usual  criterion.  Touch  is 
kept  to  the  right.  As  soon  as  they  no  longer  touch 
the  neighbor  on  the  right  with  the  tips  of  their 
fingers,  they  have  the  prescribed  distance,  come  to 
a  halt,  and  lower  the  arm.  They  immediately  dress 
to  the  right  in  the  usual  manner  to  straighten  the 
rank  and  turn  the  head  to  the  front  as  soon  as  the 
last  member  has  completed  the  movement. 

1).   A  certain  number  of  steps  distance,  members  mov- 
ing simultaneously. 

Command :  Open  the  rank  to  the  left  two  steps  dis- 
tance— march ! 

Execution :  All  members  of  the  rank  except  the  one 
on  the  right  march  to  the  left.  The  number  of  steps 


60 

required  for  each  one  to  get  at  the  proper  distance 
is  the  number  he  is  removed  from  the  first  place, 
multiplied  by  the  distance  required,  in  this  instance, 
two.  Assuming  then  a  rank  of  four,  the  one  on  the 
right  stands  still,  the  next  one  to  him  takes  one 
times  two  steps,  the  next  one  in  the  rank  two  times 
two,  and  so  forth.  The  marching  is  done  with  sight 
left.  As  soon  as  each  member  arrives  in  his  place, 
he  dresses  the  rank  to  the  right  by  turning  his  head 
right  and  sighting  himself  in  a  straight  line  posi- 
tion. With  the  last  member  finishing  the  movement, 
the  heads  are  turned  to  the  front. 

c.     Double  arm's  length  distance,  members  moving  in 
succession. 

Command:  Open  the  rank  left,  double  arms'  length 
distance,  members  in  succession — march  ! 

Execution :  The  members  on  the  extreme  left  marches 
left,  raising  the  arms  sideways ;  when  the  next  member 
no  longer  feels  the  touch  of  the  sideward  raised  arms  of 
the  first  moving  member,  he  begins  to  march  left,  every 
succeeding  file  marches  in  the  same  way,  the  last 
member  but  one  on  the  right  marching  so  far  as  to  no 
longer  touch  the  sideward  raised  arms  of  the  file 
on  the  extreme  right,  then  halting,  which  halting 
brings  to  a  halt  all  the  rest  of  the  files.  While  march- 
ing sight  is  directed  left,  touch  right.  After  the 
marching  is  finished  the  dressing  is  to  right.  The 
dressing  is  to  the  right,  as  to  distance  and  straight 
line  relation  in  the  usual  manner.  With  the  attain- 
ment of  dressing,  the  arms  are  lowered,  the  heads 
turned  to  the  front. 

d.   A  certain  number  of  steps  distance,  members  moving 
in  succession. 

Command:  Open  the  rank  to  the  left,  two  steps'  dis- 
tance, and  in  succession — march  ! 

Execution :  The  member  on  the  extreme  left  takes  two 
steps,  when  the  next  member  to  it  commences  to  march 
left.  After  these  two  members  have  taken  two  more 


61 


steps  the  next  tile  commences  to  march,  and  so 
forth.  Thus  the  first  member  marches  on  the  command, 
the  second  file  on  the  left  will  march  on  the  third 
step,  the  next  member  will  march  on  the  fifth,  and  so  on. 
The  number  of  steps  required  for  each  member  is  equal 
to  the  distance  multiplied  by  the  number  which  de- 
notes the  distance  from  the  file  on  the  right.  While 
the  members  march  in  succession,  they  halt  simultane- 
ously. While  marching  sight  is  directed  left.  At  the 
end  of  the  movement  the  dressing  is  to  the  right. 

Note: — For  .the  opening  to  the  right  the  march- 
ing is  of  course  to  the  right.  The  ways  and  manners 
of  performances  are  as  above  given. 

e.     By  facing  and  marching. 

As  an  example  of  opening  by  facing  and  march- 
ing, I  shall  simply  give  one  type  of  it.  It  is,  of 
course,  understood  that  all  the  ways  and  manners 
of  opening  the  rank  to  the  left  and  right,  as  above 
given,  can  likewise  be  modified  by  this  manner  of 
marching. 

Example :  The  front  rank  opens  to  the  right  to  a 
certain  number  of  steps'  distance  by  marching  for- 
ward. 

Command :  Open  the  rank  to  the  right  two  steps' 
distance,  forward — march  ! 

Execution :  All  members  except  the  one  on  the  ex- 
treme left  of  the  rank  face  right  and  march  forward 
the  number  of  steps  required  under  the  command, 
i.  e.,  2,  4,  6,  and  so  forth.  At  the  completion  of  the 
certain  number  of  steps  they  face  left  and  close  to  a 
stand.  The  dressing  is  left. 

2.     The  Front  Rank  Opens  to  the  Left  and  Right. 

a.    Double  arms'  length  distance,  members  moving 

simultaneously. 
Command:     Open  the   rank  from  the   middle,  double 

arms'  length  distance — march! 

Execution  :  The  files  on  the  left  of  the  middle  march 
to  the  left,  the  ones  on  the  right  to  the  right,  raising 


62 

the  arms  sideward  till  such  time  as  they  no  longer 
touch  the  neighbor's,  then  halt  and  lower  the  arms. 
While  marching  the  dressing  is  to  the  middle,  after 
the  completion  of  the  march  the  rank  dresses  right. 

1).   A  certain  number  of  steps'  distance  members  mov- 
ing simultaneously. 

(Assumed  a  rank  of  four.) 

Command :  Open  the  rank  from  the  middle  outward, 
four  steps'  distance — march  ! 

Execution :  The  file  directly  to  the  left  of  the  middle 
takes  two  steps  to  the  left ;  the  file  on  the  extreme 
left  six  steps  ;  the  file  to  the  right  of  the  middle  two 
steps  to  the  right,  the  next  one  six  steps.  The 
dressing  is  in  the  direction  cf  the  march.  After  the 
halt  the  rank  is  dressed  to  the  right. 

c.  Double  arms'  length  distance,  members  moving  in 

succession. 

d.  A  certain  number  of  steps'  distance,  members  mov- 

ing in  succession. 

Execution :  As  under  a  and  b,  with  this  difference, 
that  the  members  on  the  extremity  of  the  rank  move  first 
to  the  distance  prescribed  by  the  command  when 
the  members  next  to  them  move,  and  so  forth. 

Note : — An  example  of  opening  the  rank  from 
another  point  than  the  middle ;  given,  a  front  rank 
of  four. 

Command :  Open  the  rank  from  the  second  on  the 
left  to  the  left  and  right  two  steps'  distance — march  ! 

Execution :  The  second  member  of  the  rank  stands 
still,  the  one  on  the  left  of  the  rank  takes  two  steps 
to  the  left,  the  third  member  from  the  left  marches 
two  steps  to  the  right,  the  one  on  the  extreme  right 
marches  four  steps  to  the  right.  The  head-turning 
is  in  the  direction  of  the  marching.  After  the  halting 
the  rank  is  dressed  to  the  right. 


63 


3.  The  Front  Rank  Opens  Forward  or  Backward. 

a.  From  the  right. 

b.  From  the  left. 

c.  From  the  middle. 

Note  : — There  is  no  advantage  in  doing  these  open- 
ings successively,  therefore,  all  files  move  simulta- 
neously. The  arms  cannot  be  used  to  take  distance 
by,  therefore,  all  these  openings  of  the  rank  are  done 
to  a  certain  number  of  steps'  distance.  One  example 
will  be  gjven  to  illustrate  the  manner  in  which  these 
openings  are  done. 

Command :  Open  the  rank  from  the  right,  two  steps' 
distance,  forward — march  ! 

Execution:  The  member  on  the  extreme  right  of  the 
rank  stands  still,  the  one  next  to  him  marches  two 
steps  forward,  the  next  one  four,  and  so  on. 

Note : — The  rank  is  opened  backward  in  the  same 
manner  except  that  the  marching  is  backward. 

4.  The  Front  Rank  Opens  Forward  and  Backward. 

a.     From  the  middle. 
(Assumed  a  rank  of  four.) 

Command:  Open  the  rank,  two  steps'  distance,  from 
left  of  middle  forward,  from  right  of  middle  back- 
ward— march ! 

Execution:  The  first  member  to  the  left  of  middle 
takes  one  step  forward,  the  second  member  three 
steps  forward ;  the  first  member  to  right  of  middle 
takes  one  step  backward,  the  second  three  steps 
backward. 

b.     From  an  eccentric  point. 
Example:     (Assumed  a  rank  of  four.) 

Command :  Open  the  rank  from  second  on  the  left, 
forward  and  backward,  two  steps'  distance — march ! 

Execution :  The  second  member,  counting  from  the 
left,  stands  still ;  the  first  member  takes  two  steps 


64 


forward ;   the    third   two    steps   backward,    and   the 
fourth  four  steps  backward. 


II.     Opening  of  the  Flank  Rank 

1.     The  Flank  Rank  Opens  Forward  or  Backward. 

a.  Members  moving  simultaneously. 

Command :  Open  the  rank  forward  two  steps'  dis- 
tance— march ! 

Execution :  The  last  member  of  the  rank  stands  still, 
the  one  before  him  marches  two,  the  one  before  that 
four,  and  so  on,  steps  forward,  then  halts.  During 
the  marching,  as  well  as  after,  the  rank  is  dressed 
forward. 

b.  Members  moving  in  succession. 

Command:  Open  the  rank  forward  two  steps'  dis- 
tance, files  in  succession — march  ! 

Execution:  The  first  member  of  the  rank  marches 
forward,  on  the  third  count  the  second  member 
marches,  on  the  fifth  count  the  next  member 
marches,  and  so  forth.  Every  succeeding  member 
of  the  rank  takes  two  more  steps.  The  number  of 
steps  required  for  each  member  is  the  distance  mul- 
tiplied by  the  place  he  occupies  in  the  rank  from  the 
rear  extremity.  The  total  number  of  counts  re- 
quired is  equal  to  the  distance  miltiplied  by  the 
number  of  members  in  the  rank,  minus  one.  While 
the  files  move  in  succession  they  all  halt  on  the  same 
count.  The  counts  are  steps  if  the  movement  is 
done  from  marching  in  or  from  place,  it  requires  one 
more  count  for  closing  when  taken  from  a  stand. 

Note : — The  flank  rank  opens  backward  in  the 
same  ways  as  described  above,  except  that  the  march 
is  backward.  Distance  by  arm  raising  forward  may 
also  be  used  when  the  flank  rank  opens  backward. 


65 

2.    The  Flank  Rank  Opens  Forward  and  Backward. 

a.     Members  moving  simultaneously. 

1).     Members  moving  in  succession. 

Note : — This  may  only  be  done  to  a  certain  num- 
ber of  steps'  distance.  The  opening  may  occur, 
however,  from  the  middle  or  any  other  point.  For 
execution,  see  the  foregoing. 

3.  The  Flank  Rank  Opens  Left  or  Right. 

a.     Left  from  the  first  one. 
Command  :     Open  the  rank  left  from  the  first  one,  two 

steps'  distance — march  ! 

Execution  :  The  first  member  stands  still.  The  next 
one  marches  two  steps  left,  the  next  one  four,  and 
so  on. 

b.     Left  from  the  last  one. 

Command:  Open  the  rank  to  the  left  from  the  last 
one,  two  steps'  distance — march  ! 

Execution  :  The  last  member  of  the  rank  stands  still, 
the  one  before  him  takes  two,  the  one  before  that 
fovir  steps,  and  so  forth,  to  the  left. 

Note : — These  openings  can  only  be  done  to  a  cer- 
tain number  of  steps.  The  files  may  move  simulta- 
neously, as  there  is  no  advantage  in  moving  succes- 
sively. 

Manner  and  execution  of  opening  to  the  right  as 
under  (a)  and  (b),  except  that  the  march  is  right. 

4.  The  Flank  Rank  opens  Left  and  Right. 

a.  From  the  middle. 

b.  From  another  point  than  the  middle. 

The  execution  follows  the  scheme  given  under 
the  corresponding  opening  of  the  front  rank. 
See  I,  4.) 

III.     The  Opening  of  the  Oblique  Rank 

The  oblique  rank  can  open  in  all  the  different  di- 
rections, and  by  all  the  various  means  which  apply 
to  the  front  rank. 


66 

H.    THE  CLOSING  OF  THE  RANK 

Objects:  As  the  name  implies,  tlr's  tactic  movement 
closes  a  rank  previously  opened  to  a  certain  distance, 
to  such  distance  as  prevails  when  the  rank  is  dressed. 

Modes  of  Performance:  The  closing  of  the  rank, 
being  the  reverse  of  the  opening,  it  follows  that  the 
methods  of  closing  are  analogous.  Thus  we  may 
close  to  the  left,  to  the  right,  forward,  backward. 
We  may  close  to  one  extremity  or  other  of  the  rank, 
to  the  middle  or  any  other  point  in  between  the  ex- 
tremities. The  files  may  move  simultaneously,  they 
may  move  in  succession.  They  may  march  without 
a  turn  in  the  direction  of  the  closing,  or  they  may 
face  and  march  forward,  to  re-turn  and  halt  at  the 
end  of  the  march.  The  dressing  is  always  in  the 
direction  of  the  march.  If  the  opening  has  been 
done  by  raising  the  arms  forward  or  sideward,  the 
number  of  steps  required  for  closing  the  ranks  can- 
not previously  be  determined.  One  must  take  as 
many  as  will  bring  one  to  the  proper  distance.  When 
the  ranks  have  been  opened  by  a  certain  number  of 
steps,  it  will  require  the  same  number  of  steps  for 
the  rank  and  for  each  individual  to  close  it  as  it  has 
to  open  it.  Since  opening  the  ranks  in  succession  is 
mainly  done  for  accuracy's  sake  and  since  all  clos- 
ing of  the  rank  is  of  necessity  accurate,  there  is  no 
advantage  in  closing  the  ranks  by  having  the  files 
move  in  succession.  One  example  may  suffice  to 
show  the  method. 

Given — a  front  rank  of  four,  opened  to  a  distance  of 
two  steps. 

Command:     Close   the    rank   left — march! 

Execution :  As  the  command  all  except  the  member 
on  the  extreme  left  of  the  rank  march  to  the  left. 
The  sight  is  left  as  they  arrive  and  get  in  touch  with 
the  member  on  the  left;  they  halt  with  the  arrival 
of  the  last  one.  The  dressing  to  the  left  is  given  up 
by  turning  the  face  to  the  front. 


The  same  exorcise.     Close  rank  left,  forward — march! 

Kxecution  :  All  except  the  member  on  the  left,  face 
left  and  march  forward;  when  arriving  in  what  will 
he  touching  distance  after  facing,  they  will  face 
right  and  halt.  They  will  then  dress  left,  which 
dressing  is  given  up  by  turning  the  face  to  the 
front  after  the  arrival  of  the  last  one. 

Note: — The  opened  rank  may  as  a  matter  of 
course  perform  all  the  tactic  movements  of  the 
ordinar\  closed  dressed  rank.  The  only  difference 
will  be  that  for  instance  in  the  case  of  an  opened 
front  rank  the  movement  will  have  to  be  directed 
by  sight  only  as  there  is  no  touch  and  that  the 
number  of  counts  required  for  any  movement  will 
now  be  determined  not  by  the  number  of  members 
in  a  rank  but  by  the  total  extent  of  the  rank.  The 
movements  of  each  member  as  far  as  they  differ  in 
number  of  steps  or  as  to  the  time  when  certain 
movements  are  to  be  taken  will  be  determined  by 
the  distance  of  each  member  trom  the  Fixed  point 
of  the  movement. 


OTHER  BOOKS  BY  E.  H.  ARNOLD. 

Elementary  Apparatus  Work.     40c". 

Manual  6f -Tactics  and  Free  Gymnastics  for  the  School 
Room.     40c. 

Gymnastic  Nomenclature'.     60c. 
Tactics  of  the  Rank.     60c. 
Tactics  of  the  Body  of  Ranks.     60c. 
Tactics  of  the  Individual.     50c. 


SOUTHERN  BRANCH, 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA, 

LIBRARY, 

'LOS  ANGELES,  CALIF. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


Form  LO-Scrii-s  1  1 4 


Btetzfelder's  Printery,  New  Haven.  Conn 


•  /         J 

PAMPHLET  BINDER 

Syracuse,  N.   Y.     9 
Calif. 


